Review Article
Corresponding
Author:
Dr. Kishu Tripathi
Professor, Surya College of Pharmacy,
Lucknow
E.Mail.- kishutripathi@rediffmail.com
Herbs
for Depression: A Review
Kishu Tripathi
Surya College of Pharmacy, Lucknow, India.
ABSTRACT
Herbs like St. John's Wort, Kava Kava, Rhodiola,
Siberian ginseng, Ginkgo, Liquorice, Chamomile, Borage, Black
cohosh, Flaxseed, Hop, Lavender, Scutilaria ateriflora, Passion
Flower, Rosemary, Lemon balm etc are used to treat depression.
Keywords: Depression, St. John's Wort, Kava
Kava, Rhodiola, Siberian ginseng
INTRODUCTION:
Depression affects millions of people around
the world. It is considered by experts to be on of the greatest hidden
conditions affecting not only the lifestyles of sufferers but also their
families, friends and employers. In fact, the condition can last from moments
of simply "feeling down" or "a bit blue", to weeks of worry
and complete debilitation.
Depression is a state of the mind, body and
thoughts which together work towards negativity. It is not a disease but an
illness wherein a person is not able to do normal things. Due to the depressed
state of mind, a person can find the daily chores to be very taxing and is
unable to do them. In this state of mind, a person is unhappy and suffers
emotionally and mentally rather than physically. Depression may be caused due
to mental stress or due to high intake of antibiotics. At times, anxiety may
also be the cause of depression. For some people, depression can also be
because of the monotonous life. One's own effort to fight depression when complemented
with some home remedies work very well in curing depression.
Serotonin and Norepinephrine producing
centers and interactive pathways become disrupted and imbalanced regarding
respective receptor sensitivities and inhibitory mechanisms, and the
Hypothalamus becomes dysfunctional. A natural depression remedy works to heal
the body’s ability to produce these neurotransmitters in a balanced way.
There are three major
neurotransmitters in the brain (Serotonin, Dopamine and Norepinephrine) which
must be in the correct balance and constructive tension to affect and allow a
positive, stable self-image and optimistic mood. However, when these
neurotransmitters are in an unbalanced state with one another, mood changes are
inevitable. In general, when Serotonin levels drop, depression can quickly
settle in, and when Serotonin levels can be made to rise, a happy contented
mood generally results1.
Researchers have found
that hypothalamic disturbances are also found in depression, interfering with
neuroendocrine activity. Hypothalamic disruptions can cause excessive amounts
of Cortisol to be released from the Adrenal Cortex at inappropriate times which
can cause and exacerbate depression. And, interestingly, about one-half of all
depressed patients secrete excessive amounts of Cortisol, primarily during the
afternoon and evening, as opposed to that of non-depressed people whose
Cortisol activity peaks about 8:00 AM1.
Hypericum perforatum (St
Johns wort)
St Johns wort has been used as a remedy for nervous
disorders for more than 2000 years. The scent of St Johns wort was thought
by the ancient Greeks to ward off evil spirits. Today it is widely prescribed
in Europe as a natural
antidepressant. It
can help to ease moderate and mild depression, nervous fatigue, negativity and
sleeping difficulties. It is a great natural remedy for depression and insomnia.There
are at least 10 pharmacologically active constituents found in the extract of
this herb, but researchers are most interested in hypericin and
pseudohypericin. The exact mechanism of the herb's ability to alleviate
depression and anxiety remain largely unknown, but a recent study may provide
some clues. The action of hypericin at alpha receptor sites, known to be
involved in the role of MAOs and 5-HTP reuptake inhibitors (a metabolite of
L-tryptophan in the synthesis of serotonin), lends support to the herb's
universal reputation as a mood elevator and sedative. The extract (standardized
to 0.3%) is usually given at 300 mg three times per day with meals.Hypericin
can also increase photosensitivity and has been recently linked with the
formation of cataracts with long-term use.There is no other herb that is better known for fighting
depression than St. John's
Wort. This herb has a long folk history. Studies have shown that the active
compound hypericin, found in St. Johns Wort, resulted in very significant
improvement of this condition. In fact, some studies even show that it is more
powerful as an antidepressant than some pharmaceutical drugs 2,3,4.
Kava kava (Piper methysticum)
Kava Kava is well know
for it's mood enhancing properties. Kava has been used in the South Pacific for
1000's of years to enhance social settings. It will bring on an overall sense
of well being and elevate ones mood.This herb has a long history of use in
reducing anxiety, but is relatively new in the treatment of anxiety-related
depression. Several European countries have approved kava for the treatment of
insomnia, nervous disorders and depression. In the U.S., kava preparations are
available as dietary supplements. The beneficial agents of kava are
kavalactones found in the dried rhizome of the plant. Several studies have
shown that kava effects a GABA-receptor-binding capacity and an ability to
block norepinephrine uptake. In a 1997 German study, 101 subjects suffering
from non-psychotic anxiety took part in a 25 week placebo-controlled,
double-blind trial with an extract of kava. The researchers concluded that kava
is comparable to treatment with benzodiazepines but without unwanted side
effects. The recommended dosage (standardized to 30-70%) is 45-70 mg three
times per day 5,6,7,8,9
Rhodiola
Rhodiola (Rhodiola
rosea) is a very effective natural remedy for
depression, one of
the most important herbal remedies for depression. It is good for improving
mood and alleviating depression, reducing fatigue and improving both physical and mental performance. Rhodiola has been used
for centuries in Scandinavia and Russia fighting
fatigue, boosting brain power, easing depression, enhancing immunity and sexual
stamina. So it is not only a depression herb but nearly a superherb!10,11,12
Eleutherococcus senticosus(Siberian ginseng)
Siberian ginseng
(Eleutherococcus senticosus) comes from Siberia,
as its name suggests. It is not only herbal medicine for depression, but
general adaptogen, because it helps the organism to cope with stress.
Russian doctors, who were the first to draw attention to its therapeutic value,
have used it to ameliorate the effects of stress and fatigue. It is
not only one of depression herbs but has the reputation to be a tonic for all organs of the body.The
root has been shown to stimulate the central nervous system and the adrenal
gland, as well as being beneficial in the
treatment of impotence.
Especially recommended for depression in men.Siberian Ginseng is also a well-known
MAO inhibitor. This herb has been proven to improve a persons overall sense of
well being13.
Ginkgo Biloba (Ginkgo )
Ginkgo has been used
in Chinese herbal medicine for more than 4000 years to treat memory loss in the elderly. Research in 1999 showed that a daily dose of 120-160mg given to
elderly people for 12 weeks helped to improve concentration and memory
as well as reducing mood swings and apathy.Ginkgo
is not only herbal medicine for depression but improves
blood circulation especially in the brain. Among herbs for
depression ginkgo suits best for elderly depressed people1,15-18.
Liquorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra) is a perennial shrub native to southern Europe.
Roots are used as powders or juice to treat various ailments as digestive, respiratory problems or menses, menopause troubles.
The plant has a mild oestrogenic effect and has plenty of natural
antidepressant compound which makes it ideal depression herbs for women
during menopause.
Among herbs for depression liquorice is less known, because of its many other
different healing properties. Licorice is a very effective anti-depressant. It
has the ability stimulate anti depressant activity in the body. Licorice is
safe and effective for treating mild to moderate depression in reasonable doses.
Licorice extract or licorice tea is used to treat people that suffer from
chronic painful disorders that can cause depression like Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome. Licorice stimulates the brain to produce Cortisol, a
neurotransmitter. No more than 3 cups of Licorice Herbal Tea a day 1,19,20.
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Cyperus, Cyperus is known in Chinese as xiangfu
or xiangfuzi. The term xiang means fragrant, and usually is
applied to strong and pleasant fragrances 21,22.
Cyperus like other
plants has numerous chemical constituents, many of which may show
pharmacological activity, but the main active components appear to be the
sesquiterpenes. These are aromatic, spicy tasting molecules. Among the main
sesquiterpenes identified in cyperus rhizomes thus far are:α-cyperone,
β-selinene, cyperene, cyperotundone, patchoulenone, sugeonol, kobusone,
and isokobusone.Cyperus also contains other terpenes, such as the commonly
occurring plant component pinene (a monoterpene), and several derivatives of
the sesquiterpenes, such as cyperol, isocyperol, and cyperone.
These active constituents
are found in the volatile oil of cyperus rhizomes, which makes up only about
0.5–1% of the dried rhizome; prolonged cooking of the herb will cause loss of
some portion of these constituents. Their main pharmacological actions may be
antispasmodic and analgesic effects 23-27..
Saffron
The medicinal properties attributed to
saffron are extensive. Topically, it is applied to improve the skin condition
overall and specifically to treat acne. Internally, it is used to improve blood
circulation, regulate menstruation, treat digestive disturbance, ease cough and
asthmatic breathing, reduce fever and inflammation, calm nervousness, and
alleviate depression. In Tibet,
saffron is often an ingredient in medicinal incenses; it is considered a tonic
for the heart and the nervous system. The active ingredients may be of benefit
in inhibiting growth of cancer cells 28.
CONSTITUENTS
Saffron
has been analyzed extensively. It contains, approximately, these common plant
components:
|
Substance
|
Proportion
|
|
Simple sugars
|
12–15%
|
|
Water
|
9–14%
|
|
Proteins, amino acids, other nitrogen
compounds
|
11–13%
|
|
Cellulose (fiber)
|
4–7%
|
|
Fats
|
3–8%
|
|
Minerals (measured as acid soluble ash)
|
1–1.5%
|
|
Other non-nitrogen (mainly complex sugars)
|
about 40%
|
And these active compounds: Essential oil
(volatile oil): 0.3–1.5% Yellow color: crocins, derived from crocetin (about
2%), and other carotenes (about 8%)
Bitter substances including picrocrocin and safranal (the main aromatic of
saffron): about 4%
The active constituents are degradation
products of common carotenoids, mainly zeaxanthin (and, to a lesser extent,
lycopene and beta-carotene), as illustrated below. Crocetin and the crocins
provide far more color than the other carotenes. Picrocrocin, derived from the
terminal end of zeaxanthin, is the glycoside of safranal, which is a terpene
aldehyde. Safranal is formed during the drying of the collected saffron and it
provides most of the characteristic saffron fragrance. There are other volatile
components (included in the essential oil fraction) that are also derived from
the carotenes and have structures similar to safranal 29-38.
Black cohosh is popular as an
alternative to hormonal therapy in the treatment of some menopausal symptoms,
including mood disturbances. Studies have reported that black cohosh can
improve symptoms for up to six months39,40.
Borage is said to be a natural and effective
antidepressant. Its leaves, seeds and blossoms may boost energy and lift mood.
Chamomile has been used medicinally for thousands
of years, and is widely used in Europe. It is
a popular treatment for numerous ailments, including sleep disorders and
anxiety41,42.
Damiana is often recommended to stimulate the
nervous system and help improve mood. It is often recommended for the mental
and physical symptoms of menopause, along with black cohosh and valerian43,44,45.
Flaxseed oil provides omega-3 fatty acids. Many
medical professionals recommend that those living with mood disorders
supplement their diet with fish, fish oil or flaxseed to maintain a sufficient
amount of omega-3 fatty acids to reduce the symptoms of depression. Flaxseed
and flaxseed oil supplements have been used historically with few reports of
side effects46.
Hops may relieve insomnia and encourage sleep. It
can be used as a tea or its flowers can be used in a small dream pillow. It
is.traditionally used for relaxation, sedation, and a treatment for insomnia.
It can be used to make a Dream Pillow47,48.
Lavender, with its fragrant flowers, is
considered a natural remedy for anxiety, insomnia, depression and mood swings.
Studies suggest that aromatherapy with lavender may improve sleep and
relaxation and lift mood.
Massage with lavender oil may balane mood and
reduce anxiety49.
Lemon balm, a member of the mint family, is a
mild relaxant. Studies have found that, combined with other calming herbs (such
as valerian, hops, chamomile), lemon balm helps reduce anxiety and promote
sleep50.
Passion Flower: Pre-clinical studies
suggest that it provides a Valium-like calming action, soothing tension and
easing insomnia51,52.
Rosemary is often used in dream pillows and herbal baths to lift mood and boost energy53.
Scutilaria lateriflora (Skullcap): Skullcap is used by
some herbalists as a treatment for anxiety, stress and tension. It is said to
aid in preventing panic attacks. Taken at bedtime, it can promote sleep.
Skullcap is recommended for nervous tension due to long term stress, disease or
fatigue; including neuralgia, insomnia as well as depression. This herb is
considered to be useful in coping with the withdrawal effects of
anti-depressant medication and has also works in relieving headache, anxiety and
mild pain; giving Skullcap the reputation as a nervous system tonic. Skullcap
is often used where relaxation is a required and may make some users drowsy54.
Valeriana officinalis:Valerian root is
possibly one of the most pungent herbs in use. This strong smelling herb is
famous for being the plant that Valium was derived from. It is one of the more
potent calmatives in use and care should be taken when using valerian for more
than three weeks for insomnia associated with anxiety. Valerian can cause drowsiness
and prolonged use may disrupt deep sleep which can lead to tiredness, even
after a full nights sleep. Recent research has found that valerian may be
effective for insomnia, anxiety and restlessness. It is considered safe and is
not habit-forming. Studies have shown that it can help you get to sleep quicker
and sleep better without next-day drowsiness. Valerian may be combined with
other tranquilizing herbs, such as passionflower, lemon balm and skullcap. It
has been used for more than 2,000 years by physicians, but has largely been
replaced by prescription drugs. It is safe to take for short-term use, but its
long-term effects are unknown55,56,57.
Yohimbine: Recent research suggests that
yohimbine may improve the effectiveness of traditional antidepressants 58-62.
Kanna: Kanna contains the
natural herbal compound Mesembrine, a PDE4 inhibitor. This class of compounds
has been used to treat depression, anxiety, and even psychosis. Unlike many
similar drugs and supplements, kanna acts quickly and acutely. It can be used
on an as-needed basis, to treat sudden episodes of depression or anxiety, and
its effects last for between two and twenty-four hours. Kanna may be the best
option for people who experience depression in episodes, rather than chronically63,64,65.
Griffonia
simplicifolia: Another
effective herb is the Griffonia simplicifolia plant,
from which a natural amino acid 5-HTP (5-hydroxytrptophan) is extracted.
Sometimes, experts recommend a combined dose of St. John’s Wort and 5-HTP for effective cure66,67
Amoryn, is another herb for
depression, which could be used in combination with St. John’s Wort and 5-HTP, B vitamins and
mood-related nutrients68.
Bacopa Monniera
(Bacopa): Depression
often interrupts our ability to concentrate, obtain mental clarity and make
decisions. The Bacosides, Alkaloids, and Glycosides in Bacopa
support brain functions including concentration, memory, focus and mental
endurance69,70,71.
SAM-e
(S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine):SAM-e is a natural mood-enhancing chemical
produced in the body. Supplementing the diet with SAM-e can increase levels of
this chemical as well as the production of important mood stabilizing
neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine72-75.
5-HTP
(5-Hydroxytryptophan): This phytochemical, derived from the seeds of Griffonia
Simplicifolia, is a precursor to the production of serotonin. It controls mood
balance and can counter the effects of depression on appetite and sleep76-83..
Green Tea (Theanine): Green Tea is an
excellent herb for depression as it relaxes you. Since ancient times, we've
heard this. The substance that is responsible for this sense of relaxation is
called theanine. Theanine is a unique amino acid found almost solely in tea
plants and the main component responsible for the exotic taste of `green' tea.Most Japanese people take several cups of
green tea every day to relax, welcome guests, or chat with friends. Theanine is
the main amino acid in green tea which affects emotions by interacting with
neurotransmitters in the brain and is, therefore, a natural herb for
depression.Not only does
theanine encourage relaxation but it also has a significant effect on memory
and learning ability.Suntheanine is a patented form of Theanine
which gives the body a sense of relaxation without inducing drowsiness.Based on
the results of research, taking between 50 and 200 mg of Theanine causes
relaxation1,84-86.
Växa
Deprex: Unlike
prescriptive antidepressant medications, Växa Deprex is a non-prescriptive,
alternative, natural depression treatment, providing the necessary precursors
which complement the body's ability to potentiate the production and release of
a very important naturally occurring neurotransmitter called Serotonin, which
plays an important part in mood regulation, as well as increase Serotonin and
Norepinephrine activity. This potentiates the rebalancing of brain
biochemistry, which in turn allows corrective perceptual processing of
information and affect, insulating one stimulus from another for perceptual
integrity and clarity, helping the individual to develop more constructive
coping strategies, with an absence of anxiety1.
Barley
Sprouts:Barley
sprouts are used in Kampo by adults that have diabetes or ADD. Barley
sprouts are given to alleviate mild depression with loneliness and sadness87,88.
Biota: Biota is an herb
usually recommended for memory loss and depression that is commonly found in
older or elderly people. This herb is not usually given to anyone but the
elderly89.
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