Statistical Assesment of Ground Water Quality using Physico-Chemical Parameters in Jhunjhunu District of Rajasthan, India

Babita Kumari¹, Y. K. Gupta^2*

¹Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Shri Jagdish Prasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Vidyanagari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan – 333001, India

²Head, Department of Chemistry, B K Birla Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pilani, Rajasthan- 333031 India

*Corresponding Author E-mail: ykgbkbiet@rediffmail.com, ykgbkbiet@yahoo.com, ykgbkbiet123@gmail.com

Abstract:

Groundwater is one of the most useful water sources for sustaining life and environment. But over the last few Decades the water quality has been deteriorated due to its over exploitation. Contamination of such water source is a big problem creating health hazards. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in rural as well as in urban areas and over 94% of the drinking water demand is full fill by groundwater. The study has been carried out to assess the ground water quality and its appropriateness for drinking in most rural habitations of Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan, India. In the present study groundwater samples were collected from different villages of Jhunjhunu District, Rajasthan and assessed on the basis of various parameters. The water quality parameters such as; pH, TDS, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, carbonate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, fluoride, sulphate and nitrate have been analyzed. The study revealed that the water confirms to drinking water quality standards at some places whereas at some places it was totally unfit for human consumption.

KEY WORDS: Groundwater quality, statistical parameters, physico-chemical parameters, pH, TDS, total hardness, electrical conductivity, calcium, hardness, magnesium hardness, carbonate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, fluoride, sulphate and nitrate.

Introduction:

Water is important for all living organisms and for all anthropogenic activities ^[1]. Now a day, the modern civilization, urbanization and expanded population resulting with industrial operation has intensified the older problem of polluting our life. Recently our life is being polluted and even worse situation is that we encounter with lack of this degraded water quality too. It has raised certain basic challenges in our environment and we have been suffering both the problems of quality and quantity of water. In India groundwater is the main resource of drinking water and the demand of drinking water more than 90% is full fill by groundwater. The quality of water is rapidly deteriorated due to improper Water management, non scientific waste disposal and carelessness in the direction of environment. This has led to lack of potable water disturbing the human health ^[2].

The quality of water is essential parameter to be studied when the overall focus is sustainable development keeping mankind at focal point, since it is directly linked with human welfare. Statistical investigation offers more attractive options in environment science, though the results may deviate more from real situations ^[3] the correlation provides an excellent tool for the prediction of parametric values within a reasonable degree of accuracy ^[4]. The quality of water is described by its physical, chemical and microbial characteristics. But, if some correlations are possible among these parameters, then the more significant ones would be useful to indicate fairly the quality of water ^[5]. A systematic study of correlation of the water quality parameters not only helps to assess the overall water quality but also to quantify relative concentration of various pollutants in water and provides necessary clue for implementation of rapid water quality management programmes ^[6].

In developing countries like India, groundwater is often and sometimes the only source of cheap and potable water. Hundreds of millions of people in both urban and rural areas depend on ground water, as the ground water is the main source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. The quality of ground water depends on the composition of the recharge water, the interaction between the water and soil, soil-gas and rocks with which it comes into contact in the unsaturated zone, and the residence time and reactions that take place within the aquifer. Therefore, considerable variations are found, even in the same general area, especially where rocks of different composition and solubility occur.

Due to the growth of population, and man-made activities, the quality of water is deteriorating everywhere. One of the most severe problems in arid and semi-arid regions is high concentration of salts in soils and water resources. The expansion of irrigation systems into such areas and the inefficient use of groundwater in such systems may lead to the salinization of groundwater. Consequently, water quality and its management have received much attention in developing countries. For this purpose it is important to know about different physico-chemical characteristics of water and its classification. Rajasthan is the largest state in the country in terms of geographic spread. It has an area of 342,239 lakh Sq kms being largest state of the country having 10.41 % of the country’s area and 5.5% of nation’s population but has low water resources i.e. 1% of the country’s resources. The state has extreme climatic and geographical condition and it suffers both the problems of quantity and quality of water.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Study area:

Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan is located in the extreme north eastern part (bordering Haryana state) of Rajasthan State and lies between 27°38′ and 28°31′ north latitudes and 75°02′ and76°06′ east longitudes. It covers 5928 sq.km. of geographical area. The administrative set up of the district is given below.

S.No.	Sub-division	Tehsil	Block	Area (sq.km.)
1	Chirawa	Chirawa	Chirawa	493.04
			Surajgarh	779.09
2	Jhunjhunu	Jhunjhunu	Alsisar	827.15
			Jhunjhunu	751.90
3	Khetri	Buhana	Buhana	651.14
		Khetri	Khetri	819.44
4	Nawalgarh	Nawalgarh	Nawalgarh	696.80
5	Udaipurwati	Udaipurwati	Udaipurwati	867.28

Jhunjhunu district is covered under mainly Sekhawati basin and north western part falls under the outside the basin i.e. having inland drainage. The area is drained mainly by Kantli River. The area in the south eastern part is drained by Singhana River and a small area in south western corner of district is drained by Budhi nala. The south and east of hill ranges in Khetri area is drained by Dohana River. All the rivers/nalas are ephemeral in nature and flows in response to heavy precipitation during monsoon. Being a desertic terrain particularly in north eastern and north western part of district has inland drainage

Water Sampling

Ground water samples of a total of 50 villages of Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan were collected in precleaned and rinsed polythene bottles of two litres capacity with necessary precautions ^[7]. The samples were collected, during Jan 2015 to July2015 from open wells, bore wells and deep bore wells.

Physico-Chemical Analysis

All the samples were analyzed under the following Physico-chemical parameters; pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Alkalinity (TA), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium hardness (Ca H), Magnesium hardness (Mg H), Chloride, Nitrate, Fluoride and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS). The analysis of water samples were carried out in accordance to the standard analytical methods ^[8]. All the chemicals used were of AR grade and double distilled water used for preparation of solutions. Details of the analysis methods are summarized in Table-1.

Table1: Parameters and methods employed in the physicochemical examination of water samples.

S.No.	Parameters	Unit	Method Employed
1	pH	-	Digital pH-meter
2	Digital Conductivity-meter	μmhos/cm	Digital Conductivity-meter
3	Total Alkalinity	mg/l	Titrimetric method (With HCl)
4	Total Hardness (as CaCO3)	mg/l	Titrimetric method (with EDTA)
5	Calcium Hardness (as CaCO3)	mg/l	Titrimetric method
6	Magnesium Hardness (as CaCO3)	mg/l	Titrimetric method
7	Chloride (as Cl^-)	mg/l	Titrimetric method (With AgNO3)
8	Nitrate (as NO3^-)	mg/l	Spectrophotometric method
9	Fluoride (as F^-)	mg/l	Ion Selective Electrode
10	Total Dissolved Solids	mg/l	Digital Conductivity-meter

Statistical Analysis

In Present study Minimum, Maximum, Average, Standard Deviation and Correlation Coefficient (r) have been calculated for each pair of water quality parameters by using Excel spreadsheet for the experimental data. The standard formulae were used in the calculation for statistical parameters are as follows ^[9].

x = Value of Observation

N = Number of Observation

x = Values of Parameter

n = Number of Observations

x, y = Values of array 1 and array 2 respectively.

n = Number of Observations

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

The respective values of all water quality parameters in the groundwater samples are illustrated in Table-2. All the results are compared with standard permissible limit recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and World Health Organization (WHO), depicted in Table-3. Statistical Parameters of groundwater samples of study area are summarized in Table-4.

Table 2: Analysis of ground water quality parameters in Jhunjhunu District of Rajasthan, India

S.N.	Sampling Site (Name of Villages)	Code	pH	EC ms/cm	Alkalinity mg/l	TH mg/l	Ca H mg/l	Mg H mg/l	Cl ^– mg/l	NO3^- mg/l	F^- mg/l	TDS mg/l
1	Alsisar	S-1	7.4	3100	650	100	70	30	280	20	1.78	2170
2	Babai	S-2	8.5	4100	710	250	110	140	540	84	1.2	2870
3	Badangarh	S-3	8.5	2100	560	120	40	80	150	109	1.8	1470
4	Baggar	S-4	8.4	3700	70	590	250	340	470	186	1.02	2590
5	Bagholi	S-5	8.4	3400	990	90	30	60	290	10	3.89	2380
6	Bhojgarh	S-6	8.0	3100	700	180	70	110	410	15	2.4	2170
7	Bissau	S-7	8.4	3300	80	770	370	400	60	27	11.5	2310
8	Buhana	S-8	8.2	3300	350	970	470	500	110	13	4.6	2310
9	Chhau	S-9	8.2	3200	80	760	360	400	60	25	11.0	2240
10	Chirawa	S-10	8.0	3200	350	980	480	500	110	11	4.4	2240
11	Devroad	S-11	8.2	3200	340	960	460	500	100	10	4.2	2240
12	Dhani Kumharan	S-12	8.4	3300	280	980	480	500	120	10	4.1	2310
13	Dhosi	S-13	8.2	3300	880	100	40	60	300	16	4.0	2310
14	Dobra	S-14	8.1	2743	780	150	60	90	210	75	10.0	1920
15	Dundlod	S-15	8.0	3500	520	220	100	120	460	76	0.69	2450
16	Garodia Ki Dhani	S-16	7.7	1900	400	360	120	240	100	48	2.6	1330
17	Gothra	S-17	7.8	3300	260	950	450	500	400	12	1.7	2310
18	Gudhagorji	S-18	7.2	6000	640	280	130	150	1320	68	0.48	4200
19	Hanumanpur	S-19	6.5	4500	380	870	410	460	720	142	1.1	3150
20	Jalimpura	S-20	6.3	16000	90	660	280	380	3620	146	0.36	11200
21	Jhunjhunu	S-21	7.3	5200	480	120	40	80	720	206	4.3	3640
22	Kalipahari	S-22	6.9	5100	160	80	30	50	880	224	2.1	3570
23	Kant	S-23	7.3	4300	710	60	20	40	560	50	3.1	3010
24	Kanwarpura	S-24	7.2	3000	160	180	80	100	480	48	1.6	2100
25	Kari	S-25	7.7	2600	680	280	120	160	120	202	0.28	1820
26	Ked	S-26	8.3	2300	760	70	30	40	50	26	11.4	1610

Table 2: Contineued.....

S.N.	Sampling Site (Name of Villages)	Code	pH	EC ms/cm	Alkalinity mg/l	TH mg/l	Ca H mg/l	Mg H mg/l	Cl ^– mg/l	NO3^- mg/l	F^- mg/l	TDS mg/l
27	Khudania	S-27	8.3	2200	800	70	30	40	70	26	10.9	1540
28	Khetri	S-28	8.3	1600	540	70	30	40	60	9	6.4	1120
29	Kishorpura	S-29	8.2	2200	810	80	30	50	90	29	11.4	1540
30	Kodesar	S-30	7.1	1100	320	70	20	50	30	68	0.4	770
31	Kuharu	S-31	8.4	2000	140	50	20	30	50	33	6.2	1400
32	Mahapalwas	S-32	8.1	1700	520	30	10	20	80	60	0.5	1190
33	Malsisar	S-33	8.0	2300	800	70	30	40	80	29	5.9	1610
34	Mandawa	S-34	7.2	1300	360	170	60	110	100	106	4.5	910
35	Mukundgarh	S-35	7.4	1700	560	40	20	20	30	24	0.54	1190
36	Narhar	S-36	6.8	1700	470	90	30	60	180	68	0.58	1190
37	Netrampura	S-37	8.0	1600	520	60	20	40	40	48	0.99	1120
38	Nawalgarh	S-38	7.6	1400	420	220	90	130	20	22	0.95	980
39	Pacheri	S-39	8.0	1500	440	160	70	90	20	20	1.9	1050
40	Papurana	S-40	8.1	1200	440	60	20	40	20	12	0.59	840
41	Pilani	S-41	8.7	3300	730	150	60	90	350	12	2.15	2310
42	Singhana	S-42	8.5	2300	840	250	110	140	100	59	0.98	1610
43	Patusari	S-43	8.2	2400	450	280	120	160	140	22	2.9	1680
44	Posana	S-44	8.3	2100	460	150	60	90	170	18	1.8	1470
45	Signore	S-45	8.4	1500	480	90	30	60	70	24	1.5	1050
46	Sonasar	S-46	8.4	1700	560	70	30	40	40	14	0.7	1190
47	Sotwara	S-47	8.2	2700	520	50	20	30	80	11	3.2	1890
48	Sultana	S-48	8.2	2200	810	50	20	30	80	25	5.8	1540
49	Surajgarh	S-49	7.4	1943	110	210	90	120	340	86	1.1	1360
50	Udaipurwati	S-50	8.0	1500	470	80	30	50	50	23	2.2	1050

Table 3: Standards for drinking water quality

S. No.	Parameter	BIS: 1999	ICMR: 1975	WHO: 2006
1	pH	6.5-8.5	7.0-8.5	6.5-8.5
2	EC (μmhos/cm)	-	-	-
3	TA	600	600	120
4	TH	600	600	500
5	Cl^-	1000	200	200
6	NO3 ^-	100	50	45
7	F^-	1.5	1.5	1.5
8	TDS	2000	1500	500

Table 4: Statistical parameters of the different chemical constituents of ground water of the study area

S.No	Parameter	Minimum	Maximum	Average	Standard Deviation
1	pH	6.3	8.7	7.89	0.56
2	EC (μmhos/cm)	1100	16000	2957.72	2178.90
3	TA	70	990	492.6	238.06
4	TH	30	980	275	305.58
5	Ca H	10	480	123	148.38
6	Mg H	20	500	152	158.02
7	Cl^-	20	3620	298.6	545.76
6	NO3 ^-	9	224	54.14	56.06
9	F^-	0.28	11.5	3.39	3.30
10	TDS	770	11200	2070.4	525.23

Ph:

pH is measure of intensity of acidity or alkalinity of water. All chemical and biological reactions are directly dependent upon the pH of water system ^[10]. In our findings pH varied between 6.3-8.7. Maximum pH was recorded at S-41 in village Pilani and minimum pH was recorded at S-20 in village Jalimpura, which are not within the permissible limit prescribed by BIS, ICMR and WHO. The variation of pH in ground water samples of study area has been depicted in Figure –1, which shows that most of the samples are alkaline in nature. The pH of water is very important indication of its quality and provides information in many types of geochemical equilibrium or solubility calculations ^[11].

Electrical Conductivity:

The electrical conductivity of water depends on the concentration of ions and its nutrient status. Based on electrical conductivity values, the water quality can be classified as poor, medium or good ^[12]. In the present investigation maximum conductivity 16000 μmhos/cm was observed at S-20 in village Jalimpura and minimum 1100 μmhos/cm at S-30 in village Kodesar. The maximum limit of EC in drinking water has been prescribed as 1400 μmhos/cm ^[13] (WHO: 2006), Samples are exceeding the permissible limit tremendously.

Alkalinity:

Total Alkalinity ranges from 70 mg/L to 990 mg/L; the maximum value was recorded in village Bagholi (S-5) and minimum in village Baggar (S-4). Variation in total alkalinity of ground water samples is represented in Figure- 3 which clearly depicts that these values are more than the permissible limits of BIS, ICMR and WHO. In ground water, most of the alkalinity is caused due to carbonates and bicarbonates.

Total Hardness:

Hardness is the property of water which prevents lather formation with soap and increases the boiling point of water. Hardness of water mainly depends upon the amount of calcium or magnesium salt or both ^[14]. It is an important criterion for determining the usability of water for domestic, drinking and many industrial supplies ^[15]. In our findings, the value of hardness fluctuates from 30 mg/L to 980 mg/L which are beyond the permissible limit as prescribed by BIS, ICMR and WHO. The minimum value was found in S-32 (Village Mahapalwas) and maximum value was found in samples S-10 and S-12 (village- Chirawa and Dhani Kumharan).

Calcium Hardness:

Calcium Hardness varies from 10 mg/L to 480 mg/L as illustrated. It may be due to the presence of high amounts of calcium salts in ground water samples.

Magnesium Hardness:

Magnesium Hardness of groundwater varies from 20 mg/L to 500 mg/L. High values of magnesium hardness can be attributed to the large amounts of magnesium salts in ground water.

Chloride:

Chloride contents in fresh water are largely influenced by evaporation and precipitation. Chloride ions are generally more toxic than sulphate to most of the plants and are best indicators of pollution ^[16]. Chloride found high during the study ranged from 20 mg/L to 3620 mg/L. Minimum value was observed at samples S-38, S-39 and S-40 and maximum value was observed at S-20 in village Jalimpura these unusual concentrations may indicate pollution by organic waste. Chloride salts in excess of 100 mg/L give salty taste to water and when combined with calcium and magnesium, may increase the corrosive activity of water ^[17].

Nitrate:

During the study Nitrate fluctuated between 9.0 to 224 mg/l which is beyond the permissible limit of BIS, ICMR and WHO. In presence of high concentration of nitrate drinking water is toxic ^[18]. Due to higher concentration (over 100 mg/L) of nitrate in water, infants, less than six months old, have been suffering from methamoglobinemia or blue baby disease.

Fluoride:

Fluoride is important in human nutrition for the normal development of bones. The required level of fluoride is 1.0 to 1.5 mg/L. Higher concentration of fluoride in ground water appears to create dental, skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis. Fluoride concentration in sampling sites ranges from 0.28 to 11.5 mg/L in ground water samples, with lowest value 0.28 mg/L (S-25) in village Kari and highest value 11.5 mg/L (S-7) in village Bissau. As Table-2, most of the samples are having fluoride concentration more than the permissible limit and suffering from the acute fluoride problems.

Total Dissolved Solids

Total dissolved solid is an important parameter for drinking water and water to be used for other purposes beyond the prescribed limit, it imparts a peculiar taste to water and reduce its potability ^[19]. Total dissolved solids are composed mainly of carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, phosphates and nitrates of Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Manganese, organic matter salt and other particles ^[20]. In the present finding TDS value varied from 770 to 11200 mg/L which is also not within the prescribed permissible limits. Maximum TDS recorded at S-20 in village Jalimpura and minimum at S-30 in village Kodesar.

Correlation of water quality parameters

In the present study, the correlation coefficients (r) among various water quality parameters have been calculated and the numerical values of correlation coefficients (r) are tabulated in Table-5.Correlation coefficient (r) between any two parameters, x and y is calculated for parameter such as water pH, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, chloride, nitrate, fluoride and total dissolved solids of the ground water samples. The degree of line association between any two of the water quality parameters as measured by the simple correlation coefficient (r) is presented as 10 x 10 correlation matrix.

The pH has been found to show positive correlation with total alkalinity and negative correlations with electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, chloride, nitrate, fluoride and total dissolved solids. EC has been found to show negative correlations with total alkalinity and fluoride while all other parameters are positively correlated with EC. Out of the 55 correlation coefficients, 5 correlation coefficients (r) between the EC and Cl^- (0.9651), TH and Ca H (0.9971), TH and Mg H (0.9974), Ca H and Mg H (0.9892), Cl^- and TDS (0.9651) are found to be with highly significant levels (0.8< r < 1.0), and 3 correlation coefficients give the significant (0.5< r < 0.6) level of r values. There is not any value of r which belongs to the moderate significant coefficient levels (0.6< r < 0.8). 34 cases were calculated out positive correlation while 21 cases were calculated out negative.

Table 5: Correlation coefficient (r) among water quality parameters

Parameter	pH	EC	TA	TH	Ca H	Mg H	Cl^-	NO3^-	F^-	TDS
pH	1.0000
EC	-0.4556	1.0000
TA	0.3139	-0.2187	1.0000
TH	-0.0404	0.3328	-0.5067	1.0000
Ca H	-0.0246	0.3100	-0.4909	0.9971	1.0000
Mg H	-0.0550	0.3525	-0.5189	0.9974	0.9892	1.0000
Cl^-	-0.5632	0.9651	-0.2256	0.1908	0.1624	0.2164	1.0000
NO3^-	-0.4986	0.4023	-0.2502	-0.0006	-0.0333	0.0299	0.4436	1.0000
F^-	-0.1436	-0.1058	0.1280	0. 0898	0.1054	0.0747	-0.2431	-0 .2555	1.0000
TDS	-0.4556	1.0000	-0.2187	0. 3328	0.3100	0.3525	0.9651	0. 4023	-0.1058	1.0000

CONCLUSION:

The analysis of ground water samples being collected from the different villages of Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan revealed that in samples almost all water quality parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, chloride, nitrate, fluoride and TDS) are beyond the permissible limit as per BIS, ICMR and WHO standards. In comparison to all other parameters, there is an acute problem of extremely high levels of Fluoride, Nitrate, Total Dissolved Solids and Chloride. The nitrate ion concentration of 42% of total samples was more than 45 mg/L. Some samples contain this concentration up to 224 mg/L. The increased nitrate level in the ground water samples may be due to the consumption of large quantity of nitrogenous fertilizers like urea, NPK and cattle shed along with municipal wastes. 44% of ground water samples are having TDS more than 2000 mg/L (relaxed permissible limit as per BIS standards) and 36% ground water samples reported the Chloride level more than 200 mg/L. The results of current study indicate that the drinking water, used by the people residing in villages of Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan is not potable. So, the proper environment management plan must be adopted to control drinking water pollution immediately. Based on these results and analysis of water samples, it is also recommended to use water only after boiling and filtering or by Reverse Osmosis treatment for drinking purpose by the individuals to prevent adverse health effects.

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Received on 06.10.2015 Modified on 17.10.2015

Accepted on 27.10.2015 ©A&V Publications All right reserved

Research J. Science and Tech. 7(4):Oct. – Dec. 2015; Page 217-222

DOI: 10.5958/2349-2988.2015.00031.5