Conservation and Management of Biological diversity among Tribe of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve of India

 

Keerti Shrivastava, Dr. S. K. Mishra

Dept. of Botany, Govt. New Science College, Rewa (M.P) 486001

 

Abstract:

Today the world is on the brink of massive collapse of ecosystem and the species they contain due to deforestation fragmentation of habitats, insularisation due to developmental pressure and human population growth. Madhya Pradesh has been very rich in biodiversity since times immemorial. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve has a long tradition, respect, care and great concern for biodiversity and its conservation. As the tribal life is based on forest, hence these tribal people practice judicious use of the plant resources and conserve many plant species. The tribal of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve conserve 88 plant species. The principle behind this conservational atitude is based on their magico-religious faith, beliefs and their taboos and totems. Conclusively, as the tribal life is forests based hence, the tribal practice judicious use of the plant resources and conserve many plant species.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Conservation of the biological diversity is one of the fore most issues in the present era. During the last 10 years, plans for biodiversity conservation have developed by WRI and the IUCN with support from World Bank and other institutions. Basically the conservation plan has holistic approach and encompasses whole spectrum of biota and activities ranging from ecosystem at macro level to DNA libraries at the molecular level. Conservation is the protection, preservation, management or restoration of natural resources. Through the conservation of biodiversity and the survival of many plant species and habitats which are threatened due to human activities can be ensured.

 

Today the world is on the brink of massive collapse of ecosystem and the species they contain due to deforestation fragmentation of habitats, insularisation due to developmental pressure and human population growth. Darwin published “Origin of species” in 1858 and today we are writing “The obituaries of species” in the form of Red Data Book. India is the second most populous country and therefore, any plan attending at conservation must consider socio-economic development as the mounting human pressure threatens the biotic resources of the country. Madhya Pradesh has been very rich in biodiversity since times immemorial. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve has a long tradition, respect, care and great concern for biodiversity and its conservation.

 

Green plants are all around us we are totally dependent on them for food; we cultivate them for our pleasure and we have used them in vast number of ways down the centuries to our advantages.Plants are our national heritage with global importance and India is endowed with a rich wealth of biodiversity. Madhya Pradesh is rich in plant resources used in various system of medicine as well as indigenous made of treatment.

 

 

The density of plants were gradually decline due to over harvesting and consequently poor regeneration in central India due to commercial demand and immense biotic pressure, most of the plants are in danger under wilderness. They also cautioned that if the present condition continues, these species will soon have completely vanished from the natural forests. The continuous exploitation of several medicinal plant species from the wild and substantial loss of their habitats during the past 15 years have resulted in the population decline of many high value medicinal plant species over the years.

 

Due to selective and excessive exploitation of few picked up species without proper management practices for their regeneration and due to simultaneous destruction of certain natural ecosystems, nearly a total extinction of a number of species results. Once such extinction of a particular species occurs, that gone, combination is lost forever. Concomitantly the disappearing species causes extinction of other dependent species of higher animals. Conclusively, the conservation of these plants species and resources is of almost important, not only to manage and conserve the biotic wealth but also restore the degraded ecosystem.

 

Excellent work has been done on composition, structure and floral diversity of forest communities of Achanakmar–Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve and its conservation implication are Saxena(1972),Tiwari et al.(1995), Singh et al.(2005),Bondyaet al.(2009), Agrawal et al. (2010),Singh et al. (2010),Kapale(2012),Ahirwarand Sandya(2015).

 

Consequently, useful information about conservation of biodiversity have been contributed by Alcorn(1996), Arora (1996), Balasubhrmanianand Prasad (1996), Kaul (1996), Prasadand Balasubramanian (1996),Ramkrishanaet al.(1981), Rana et al.(1996), Ravishankar(1996),Samantet al.(1996): Sinha (1996), Vartak(1996), Vedet al.(2001), Dubey et al. (2007), Mishra (2015,2018).

 

For the preservation of the endangered species the only measure suggested is the strict protection against poaching of plant resource. Today, a network in India of 668 protected Areas has been established, comprising 102 national parks and 515 wildlife sanctuaries, 47 conservation Reserves and 4 community Reserves covering an area about1, 61,22,157 sq.kms., constituting 4.90% of the total geographic area of the country, one fifth of the forest area. The protected area included 48 tiger reserve as well as 18 biosphere reserve. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve is one of the important conservation of vegetational flora. The tribal of Biosphere Reserve protect some plants due to their duties and they also forced by the Govt. management to protect plants.

 

 

                                                                                                                                                        

Role of tribal in plant conservation:

Analysis of the conservational values of a region by the tribal is one of the important aspects of ethnobotany. In respect of tribal population, Madhya Pradesh is the largest and highly tribal populated state of country. There are 46 recognized Scheduled tribes comprising 161 tribal sub groups in the state. Out of 51 districts of the state 32 district have tribal populations.About 21.1% of total population of tribes of the country lives here.About 95% of the total population of Dindori district is living in the rural area while roughly 5% are urbanized. In Dindori 65.33% of the area is tribal.Anuppur district have a population of 667,155 according to Census(2001).309, 624 people are from Scheduled Tribes and 48,376 are Scheduled Caste. According to report by the Govt. of India at least 34% are Scheduled Tribe 12% is Scheduled Caste. The Gond, Baiga, Panika,Bharia, Kanwar, Pao, Kol, Pradhan and Agariya are the largest tribal of Achanakmar- Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve.

 

The forest plays a vital role in the economy as well as daily needs of the tribal. The tribal people acquired knowledge of wild plants mostly on a trial and error basis. Tribal do not familiar with the thousands of plant species in their ecosystem, but also understand the ecological inter-relations of the various components of their resources base better than most foresters, Biologist, Ecologist and Agronomists.

 

The tribal societies and cultures are themselves disappearing and with them go their traditional plant lore, with the changing ecosystem the tribal are in a state of total disintegration. The habitat and the environment where the tribal experienced and learnt useful lore are also fast disappearing on account deforestation and intensive farming much of our present knowledge on plant resources has its origin in primitive cultures. The rich plant lore has been passing on by word of mouth and by tradition from generation in different parts of the world. There are still 72 primitive tribal groups in the India whose life style revolves round the forest. Their knowledge of the use of plants is often kept secret and passed on by verbal tradition only.

 

Tribal use a large number of plant species in their daily life as food, fiber, medicine, timber, fuel and dyes etc. for their subsistence. These sources are prone to become extinct if used continuously and non-judiciously. The so called increasing urbanization is also adversely affective these resources and thus they are becoming extinct. There is a burning need for the conservation of these plant resources.

 

In order to conservation of ethnobotanical resources three aspects need to be considered on priority, namely:

·        Fragile nature of the habitat,

·        Encasing regenerative ratios,

·        Finding evolutionary tendencies adoptive to anthropogenic stresses.

 

Due to many reasons the habitat of several resources may get drastically changes or destroyed, thus leading to the loss of their sources itself. Sometime changing the habitat proves useful in regenerating the lost resources, but in majority of the cases it is not so as changing the habitat cause change in the ecotypes within a species and an ecotype differentiation many times proves unproductive. To prevent the damaging habitat, fast regenerative capacity is needed but thus cannot be obtained easily, thus the need to indulge into the doctrine of ‘Development through Conservation’ becomes pertinent. It will guide the developmental programmed of the primitive tribes of the region without causing any harm to the resourceful habitat leading to conservation.

 

The tribal are unaware of the modern views based on advance science for the preservation of forests, but depending upon their age long experiences they are fully aware of the importance of forest cover. The entire tribal are certainly maintain a patch of forest as sacred forest as their beliefs and sentiments are deeply attached to these forests and hence they avoid and do not cut or destroy these forests. This is the main reason for still extensive forest cover of the Biosphere Reserve as it has been saved from “Bewar” cultivation practiced extensively here.

 

Sometimes tribal protect even the individual plant species worked by them. Even some groups are named after the name of the plant. Tribal not only worship the plants of their groups and women of these groups even cover their faces by veils when they pass close from near those plant. They never harm such these plant species and these conservational attitudes are based on their magico-religious faith, beliefs and also on their social taboos. The information regarding the plants conserved by the tribal of region and justification.

 

 

The tribal of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve conserve the plant species. These conserved plant species are shown in table:

 

Table: Plants Conserved Ethnobotanically by Tribal of Achanakmar- Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve.

SN.	Botanical Name	Local name	Family	Plant parts	Region for conservation
1.	AbrusprecatoriusLinn.	Ghungchi/ Ratti	Papilionaceae	Leaf and Root	Root used for good luck and leaves for medicine
2.	Achyranthes aspera Linn.	Chirchiri/ Chirchita	Amaranthaceae	Whole plant	Considered auspicious forfestival
3.	Acorus calamusL.	Bach	Acoraceae	Rhizome	For medicine
4.	Adina cordifoliaHook.	Haldu	Rubiaceae	Wood	The wood of plant considered auspicious
5.	Aegle marmelosCorr.	Bel	Rutaceae	Leaf and Fruits	To worshipLord Shiva
6.	Albiziaprocera (Roxb.)Benth.	Safed Siris	Mimosaceae	Stem bark	For fish poison
7.	Amorphophalluscompanulatus Blume.	Janglisuran	Araceae	Corm	Subsistence of food
8.	Andrographis paniculataNees.	Kalmegh/ Kiryat	Acanthaceae	Whole plant	For medicine
9.	Annona squamosa Linn.	Sitaphal	Annonaceae	Whole plant	For food and medicine
10.	AnogeissuslatifoliaBedd.	Dhawa	Combretaceae	Whole plant	The plant is conserved for gum, wood and medicinal uses.
11.	AnthocephaluscadambaLinn.	Kadam	Rubiaceae	Whole plant	Sacred plant, fruits are edible
12.	AzadirachtaindicaJuss.	Neem	Meliaceae	Whole plant	Leaves are used in medicine and pest control, remover evil spirit
13.	Bombax ceiba Linn.	Semal/ Semra	Bombaceae	Stem	For agricultural implements
14.	Boswellia serrata Roxb.	Salai/ Salaiya	Burseraceae	Wood and Branches	Consideredauspicious for wedding
15.	BuchananialanzanSperng.	Char/ Achar	Anacardiaceae	Fruit	Festival of Harchhat, fruits are offeredto God
16.	Butea monospermaLamk.	Chhoola/ Palas/ Teshu	Papilionaceae	Flower and Leaf	To worship Goddess ‘Bhagwati’ and leaves for plate and bowl.
17.	Calotropis procera R.Br.	Aak/ Madar	Asclepidaceae	Flower, Fruit and Latex	Flowers and fruits for worship Lord Shiva and latex for removing diseases by ‘Mantra’
18.	CelastruspaniculatusWilld.	Malkangani	Celastraceae	Whole plant	Seeds for oil yielding and whole plant for medicine
19.	Chlorophytum tuberosum Bak.	Safed musli	Liliaceae	Tuber	For medicine
20.	Cordia dichotoma Frost.	Lasora	Boranginaceae	Fruit and Stem	Fruits for edible and Stem for fire fuel
21.	Corchorus fascicularisLam.	Chench	Tiliaceae	Leaf	For herbage vegetables
22.	Costusspeciosus Smith	Keokand	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome and Bark	For medicine
23.	Cucurbita maxima Duch.	Kumhra	Cucurbitaceae	Whole plant	To totem believes.
24.	Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.	Tikhur	Zingiberaceae	Root	For medicine
25.	Curcuma longa Linn.	Haldi	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome	For folk customs
26.	CuscutareflexaRoxb.	Amarbel	Convolvulaceae	Whole plant	For worship god of Agariya tribe to prevent the ‘rust devils’
27.	Cynodondectylon Pers.	Doob/ Doobi	Poaceae	Leaf blade	Plant considered an abode of God.to convert ordinary water into holy water.
28.	Datura metal Linn.	Dhatura	Solanaceae	Flowerand Fruit	For worshipLord Shiva
29.	DendrocalamusstrictusNees	Baans	Poaceae	Stem	Consideredauspicious for wedding
30.	DioscoreabulbiferaLinn.	Dang Kanda/ Ratalu	Dioscoreaceae	Bulbils	Subsistence of grains
31.	Diospyros melanoxylonRoxb.	Tendu/ Tend	Ebenaceae	Whole plant	To believe totem of Gond Tribe
32.	EmbeliarobustaRoxb.	Baibidang	Myrsinaceae	Flower	For medicine
33.	Emblica officinalis Gaertn.	Amla	Euphorbiaceae	Whole plant	Sacred plant, fruitsare eaten and used in medicine
34.	Erythrina suberosaRoxb.	Handua	Papilionaceae	Stem wood	For making agricultural equipment
35.	Eulophia nuda Lindl.	Bilaikand	Orchidaceae	Plant twig and Root	For medicine
36.	Euphorbia ligulariaRoxb.	Thoohar	Euphorbiaceae	Stem and latex	For fish poison and hedge forming on house boundaries and fields
37.	Ficusbengalensis Linn.	Bar/ Bad/ Bargad	Moraceae	Whole plant	Considered an abode of Lord Vishnu and an abode of departed souls and Gods.
38.	Ficusracemosa Linn.	Gular/ Dumar	Moraceae	Flower	To impart everlasting effect on the substances
39.	Ficusreligiosa Linn.	Peepal	Moraceae	Whole plant	Sacred tree, Considered an abode of God
40.	FicussemicordataBuch.	Kathumar	Moraceae	Fruit and Leaf	For medicine
41.	GarugapinnataRoxb.	Kekad/ Kekar	Burseraceae	Bark	For dye and fish poison
42.	GrewiaasiaticaAuct.	Phalsa	Tiliaceae	Leaf	Medicine
43.	Gloriosa superba Linn.	Kalihari/ Kaliyari	Liliaceae	Root and Leaf	For medicine
44.	HeydychiumcoronariumKoeing.	Gulbakaoli	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome	For medicine
45.	Helicteresisora Linn.	Sethi	Sterculiaceae	Stem and Bark	For making rope and mat
46.	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.	Gudhal	Malvaceae	Flower	For worshipping the gods and goddesses.
47.	Holarrhenaantidysenterica Wall.	Kurchi	Apocynaceae	Flower bud, Bark and Seed	Flower bud are eaten, Bark and Seed used for medicine
48.	HolopteleaintegrifoliaRoxb	Chirol/ Chilla	Ulmaceae	Leaf	For fish poison and medicine
49.	Ipomeacarnea Austin.	Besharam	Convolvulaceae	Whole plant	Hedge forming on house boundary and fields.
50.	Ipomeahederifolia Linn.	Khotlaia	Convolvulaceae	Leaf	For vegetable
51.	Jatropha curcus Linn.	Banreda/ Bhakrenda/ Ratanjot	Euphorbiaceae	Fruit and Seed	For oil yielding
52.	JasminiumarborescensRoxb.	Chameli	Oleaceae	Leaf	For medicine
53.	LawsoniainermisLinn.	Mehndi	Lythraceae	Leaf	For dye
54.	Lindenbergiaindica Linn.	Sartili	Scorphulariaceae	Whole plant	For medicine
55.	MadhucaindicaGmel.	Mahua	Sapotaceae	Flower and Wood	Flower used for liquor, wood considered as auspicious, spirit remover in the form of ‘Hanuman Khamb’.
56.	MangiferaindicaLinn.	Aam	Anacardiaceae	Whole plant	The inflorescence and fruits are used to worship Lord Shiva at Mahashivratri, dry branches are used in Hawan
57.	Martyniaannua Linn.	Baghmecha/ Baghnakhi	Pedaliaceae	Root	For medicine
58.	Momordica dioicaRoxb.	Kheksa	Cucurbitaceae	Fruit and Root	Fruits for vegetable and  root powder called ‘Maida’ for flour
59.	MucunapruriensDC.	Kemachh	Papilionaceae	Root and Fruit	For medicine and fruit are eaten as fruit vegetable
60.	Murrayakoenighii Linn.	Mithi neem	Rutaceae	Leaf	For condiments
61.	Musa paradisiacaAuct.	Kela	Musaceae	Whole plant	The plant is worshiped and the fruits are used as ‘Pradad’ and vegetable.
62.	Ocimum sanctum Linn.	Tulsi	Lamiaceae	Whole plant	Plant is considered as very sacred and abode of devine spirits.
63.	Oryza rufipogon Griff.	PasaiDhan	Poaceae	Grains	Sacred plants, After worship this rice are donate to “Ojhas’ or ‘Pandit’ or ‘Maharaj’.
64.	OugeiniaoojeinensisHochr.	Tinsa	Papilionaceae	Bark and Stem Bark	For fish poison and Medicine
65.	Panicum miliaceum Linn.	Kutki	Poaceae	Grains	For food
66.	Paspalumscrobiculatum Linn	Kodo	Poaceae	Grains	For food
67.	PeucedanumnagpurensePrain.	Tejraj	Apiaceae	Leaf	For medicine
68.	Phoenix sylvestrisRoxb.	Chhind	Arecaceae	Fruit and Leaf	Fruits foreaten and leaves for making brooms and ropes
69.	Plambagozeylanica DC.	Chitrak	Plumbaginaceae	Bark, Root and Leaf	For medicine
70.	Psoraleacorylifolia Linn.	Bakuchi	Papilionaceae	Seed	For medicine
71.	Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.	Bija/ Bijasal/ Bijara	Papilionaceae	Bark	For dye
72.	Rauvolfia serpentine Benth.	Sarpagandha	Apocynaceae	Root and Leaf	For medicine
73.	SaracaindicaRoxb.	Ashok	Caesalpiniaceae	Root and Leaf	For medicine
74.	SchleicheraoleosaOken.	Kosam/ Kusum	Sapindaceae	Fruits and Bark	For fruits, bark used for fish poison
75.	Semecarpusanacardium Linn.	Bhelma/ Bhelwa	Anacardiaceae	Twig and Leaf	Twig use of a Hariyaliteez festival and leaves used for Pooja.
76.	Sesamum indicumLinn.	Tili/ Til	Pedaliaceae	Seed	Used for sacred grain for budki festival
77.	ShorearobustaGaertn.	Sal/ Sarai	Dipterocarpiaceae	Leaf	For worshipping
78.	Solanum surratenseBurm.	Bhaskatia	Solanaceae	Flower	For worshipping the Lord Shiva.
79.	SterculiaurensRoxb.	Kullu	Sterculiaceae	Stem and Root	Stem usedfor Gum and root used for medicine
80.	Tectonagrandis Linn.	Sagwan/ Sagaun	Verbenaceae	Whole plant	To believes totems of Gond tribes.
81.	Terminalia arjunaW.and A.	Kahua/ Arjun	Combretaceae	Leaf	For fish poison
82.	Terminalia chebulaRetz.	Harra	Combretaceae	Fruit	Fordyeand medicine
83.	Terminalia tomentosaW.andA.	Saj/ Saja	Combretaceae	Whole plant	To believe totems of Gond tribes and tree is sacred dwelling place of Buradeo.
84.	Thevetia peruviana Pers.	Kaner/ Peelikaner	Apocynaceae	Flower and Fruit	Used to worship the Lord Shiva
85.	UrgeniaindicaKunth.	Janglipyaaz	Liliaceae	Root	For medicine
86.	Vitex negundo Linn.	Nirgundi/ Nigur	Verbenaceae	Leaf	For medicine
87.	VitisquadrangularisWall.	Hadjod	Vitaceae	Leaf and Stem	Leaves for herbage vegetable and stem for medicine
88.	WithaniasomniferaDunal.	Aswagandha	Solanaceae	Leaf	For medicine

 

Due to the reason specified against each plant species mentioned on the Table. Plants are not exploited commercially or even at the community level by the tribal and hence, are collectively conserved with sacred touch. As the tribal life is based on forest, hence these tribal people practice judicious use of the plant resources and conserve many plant species. The tribal of biosphere reserve conserve 88 plant species.

 

The principle behind this conservational altitude is based on their magico-religious faith, beliefs and their taboos and totems.Out of which some of some plants likeAchyranthes aspera, Adina cordifolia, Anthocephaluscadamba,Boswellia serrata, Dendrocalamusstrictus, Ficusreligiosa,Ocimum sanctum andFicusbengalensisetc. are regarded as sacred plants in weddings, festivals and worshipped.On the other hand the parts of Cynodondectylon, Aegle marmelos, Buchananialanzan,Calotropis procera, Curcuma longa, Datura metal, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,Mangiferaindica, Semecarpusanacardium, Sesamum indicum, Shorearobusta, Solanum surratenseand Thevetia peruviana etc. are used during worship in the form of twigs, leaves, flowers,fruits, seeds and wood.Oryza rufipogon,Musa paradisiaca, Madhucaindica, Datura alba etc. plants are used as praised during worship. In addition to above certain plants which have no substitute for medicinal, dye, food, fish poison, and agriculture implements plants are also properly conserved.

 

Many plant species are utilized by tribal in their different magico – religious ways, without affecting the conservational aspects as harvesting of root or whole plant will be descriptive in nature while the use of fruits, Bark and seed does not do so. Harvesting of leaves too may not be dangerous but the method, time and amount of leaves harvested has to be kept in mind. Thus, it can be concluded that recording traditional methods of harvesting and identifying resources is important for understanding the regeneration capacity and perpetuation possibilities of the plant species.Conclusively, as the tribal life is forests based hence, the tribal practice judicious use of the plant resources and conserve many plant species.

 

Conservational strategies:

Conservation biology is the science of the preservation of species and ecosystem, which includes the understanding of ecological principals of conservation, insularisation due to fragmentation of population and in situ and ex situ strategies of conservation. The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) constituted by the General congress of United Nations published its report in 1987, which provide a major boost and endorsement to the need for conserving worlds rich biodiversity, particularly that of the tropical regions.

 

Inspite of conflicting views among nations, abroad consensus was reached and 170 countries signed the Biodiversity Convention. One of the prerequisite tasks as expressed by the article 7 of the convention is theidentification and monitoring the components of the biological diversity. Article 12 calls for research and training and suggest programmes for identifications, conservations and sustainable uses of biodiversity. In context of country conservation of threatened species is essential not only to maintain the ecosystem but also to ensure the sustainable use of the species.

 

Each vegetation has particular forms of species and each form is specially adapted to a particular site where it grows. Differences between them can be identified and used for better management. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve is a tremendous storehouse of potential resources not only for taxonomical and ecological researches but also as a source of yet less known medicinal plants.

 

 

Some conservational strategies followed by the inhabitants of the Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve are as below:

1.      In-situ conservation:

Biodiversity at genetic, species and ecosystem level can be conserved on a long-term basis only in the nature. Unless plant population conserved in the wild area. That is natural habitats, in variable breeding population; they run the risk of extinction. In situ conservation, the conservation of species in their natural habitats, is considered the most appropriate way of conserving biodiversity.

 

Plant populations have large and often disjunctive area of distribution while some plant species are confined to a few pockets. Conservation of these plant species being done by the forest department with the participation of local people by raising stone wall fencing. By this process the naturally generated plant species would be increased. However, for a long term conservation and management of plants species in-situ network need to be integrated into regular forestry and wild life management. Essential training should be given to the local people to involve them in protection and management of the plant diversity. Around 4% methods of the total geographical area of the country is used for in situ conservation. Biosphere Reserves, National parks, Botanical gardens and Wild life sanctuaries are the presently used for in situ conservation.

 

2.      Ex-situ conservation:

Ex- situ conservation is an essential step towards the protection of Plant diversity. Ex -situ conservation is supplementary to in-situ work, but can also play a vital role. This is where a species is conserved away from its natural habitats. This involves conservation of genetic resources as well as wild and cultivated species. The tribal and rural people adopted following ways for the conservation of valuable plant species. Many of the species which require ex situ conservation are those suffering extreme threats in the wild. Ex situ methods focus on species conservation in nurseries, home garden, gene bank etc.

 

(a)    Home Garden:

Gardens are more favorable for ex-situ conservation of valuable or medicinal plant species. Though, the several botanical garden in India. The natural genetic wealth including wild relatives of cultivated plant species, rare, endangered and threatened plant species are not given priority over ornamental plants and other exotic plants in these gardens. These types of gardens are not available in the study area. However, the inhabitants raised their some own home garden where they grow and protect some valuable plants, which is used in routine. In addition to spice and vegetable plants, it is a sincere step towards the conservation of plant diversity by the rural people.

 

(b)    Nurseries:

The most vitalrole in order to make sureinstant availability of plant species and planting materials to various uses groups like farmers, plant breeders, industry and to conservation organization is to promote and develop the network of plant species. Nurseries which will multiply all the regional specific plants that are used in current practice be source of plant materials.

 

The forest department, agricultural extension agencies, non government organization and some private enterprises are playing vital role in establishing these nurseries.

 

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Received on 21.05.2018       Modified on 30.06.2018 Accepted on 09.07.2018      ©A&V Publications All right reserved Research J. Science and Tech. 2018; 10(4):270-278. DOI: 10.5958/2349-2988.2018.00038.4