INTRODUCTION:

According to world health organization (WHO) over eightieth of world population depends on ancient drugs for their primary health care desires. Use of seasoning medicines in Asia represents an extended history of human interaction with the needs. Bauhinia racemosa Lam (The sona patta tree) is a tiny, crooked, bushy. Deciduous tree with descendant branches, which might grow in poor and really harsh climatical environment. The deciduous tree is propagated simply from seed. Bauhinia is genus of over two hundred species of flowering plants of subfamily, caesalpiniaceae. orchid species area unit wide planted within the tropics as flower plait, primarily in northern Asian nation, and in southern china [1]. This plant, because of its wide distribution within the population, continues to be in use for several aliments among the people folks. All the therapeutic properties of a plants area unit the perquisite of the phytoconstituents gift within the them B. racemosa is lush in flavonoids, glycoside, phenol, saponins and tannina its pharmacological actions of the plant includes the antimicrobial anthemintic anti-tumor, anti-diabetic activity etc.

Plant profile [2,3]:

Botanical name: genus Bauhinia racemosa

Local name: English (Burmese silk orchid), gurati (apto), Hindi (kachnar), sona patti. (Aapta, Sona Patti.

Kingdom- planate

Division - angiosperms

Class - Eudicots

Order - fabales

Family – Leguminosae/fabaceae

Sub-family - caesalpixioideae

Genus - genus Bauhinia

Species - B. racemosa.

Distribution:

The plant Bauhinia racemosa ((L) belong to the Caesalpiniaceae family. It occurs frequently in India, Ceylon, China and Timor [4].

Botanical description:

Bauhinia racemosa is a little bushy tree with drooping branches. Bauhinia includes of trees and shrubs that grow in heat climate. The leaves are green and broader than long compound, leaflet, ovate, rounded at apex, pubescent at a lower place once young. The flowers square measure white or straw, terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Little flowers are borne in loose racemes, five - ten cm long. Flowers are regarding one cm, chromatic white. Petals are five, slender lance like, stamens 10. Pods thirteen to twenty five cm by one. 8 - 2.5cm in size usually arced, swollen, rigid. The bark light-blue black, rough, pink red within, turning brown on exposure and longways fissured. Seeds twelve to twenty, glabrous, dark sepia or black, compressed, 8mm long [7].

Phytochemical constituents:

Preliminary phytochemical analysis disclosed the presence of steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, triterpenoids, tannins and supermolecule, novel tetracyclic phenol, racemosol, within the alkane extract of the hard-wood of Bauhinia racemosa L bark [6,7]. Isolation and structural determination of a brand new tetracyclic a pair of, 2-dimethylchroman derivative of, de-O-methylracemosol is known. Preliminary phytochemical studies of Bauhinia disclosed the presence of Steroidal glycosides, terpenoids, lactones and flavonoids [8]. 2 new compounds, pacharin (I) and racemosol were isolated beside different better-known compounds. Β-sitosterol and β-amyrin most likely answerable for the favored use of the plant, were isolated from the stem bark of this plant [9,10]. Beside these compounds, a minimum of 5 flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) and 2 coumarins (scopoletin and scopolin) were additionally isolated from the leaves of the plant. Many phyto constituent of B. racemosa are isolated, principally embrace flavonoids (kaempferol and quercetin), coumarins (scopoletin and scopolin), triter-penoids (α-amyrin), steroids (β-sitosterol), and stilbenes (resveratrol). A brand new tetracyclic lupeol, betulin, β-sitosterol, and tetracyclic a pair of, 2-dimethyl chroman are isolated from the roots .The seed contains flavonoids, crude supermolecule, and lipid. Palanisamy P et al, perform the isolation and structural determination of a brand new tetracyclic a pair of, 2-dimethylchroman spinoff, de-Omethylracemosol is give [10]. Investigation on this species of Bauhinia have resulted within the isolation of 2 new compounds, pacharin, racemosol, beside different better-known compounds [12]. This work on roots has resulted within the isolation of a brand new compound, de-o-methylracemosol beside racemosol, from B. racemosa.

Traditional uses:

It’s used as ancient medication for the treatment various ailments. The stem bark of the plant is Associate as astringent and is employed within the treatment of headache, fever, skin diseases and in tumors. In written material the bark is helpful for the treatment of protozoal infection, infectious disease and diarrhea [14]. The bark and leaves are sweet and acrid, refrigerant, antipyretic, astringent, vermicidal; cure biliousness, urinary discharges, thirst headache, fundamental quantity fever, vatta, anal fistula, sick glands, skin diseases, throat troubles, tumors diseases of the blood, sensible in chronic infectious disease and looseness of the bowels [4]. The fruit is acrid and sweet; astringent to the bowels; removes kapha and vata. The fibre is employed to sew wounds.

Industrial uses:

Medicinal plants square measure the richest bio resource of medicine for ancient system of medication, neutraceuticals, food supplements, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities for artificial medicine. The primary step within the worth addition of medicative bioresource is that the production of flavored of drug preparations using variety of methods [16]. The extract is more processed to be incorporated in any dosage form like tablets and capsules.

Pharmacological activity:

Antimicrobial activity:

Bauhinia racemosa Ethanolic and aqueous extract shows antimicrobial activity against standard bacterial and fungal cultures. In vitro antimicrobial test was determined by agar well diffusion method on Mueller hinton agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar for bacterial and fungal cultures respectively. Lowest inhibitory concentration test determined by modified agar well diffusion method. Methanol extract exhibit significantly higher inhibitory effect compared to aqueous extract on tested organisms. The methanol extract exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity as it inhibited Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). Phytochemical analysis of crude methanol and aqueous extract show the presence of protein, oil and fats, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins tannins and carbohydrates as major phytochemical groups [17].

Anthelmintic activity:

Different extracts of whole plant of B. racemosa Linn shows sensible anthelmintic activity. the various ordered extracts particularly petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous using adult Indian earthworms, Pheretima posthuma as a test worm. 3 concentrations (50,75, and one hundred mg/ml) of every extracts were studied within the bioassay that concerned the determination of your time of paralysis and time of death of the worm. Albendazole in same concentration as that of extract was standard as customary reference and traditional saline water as control [11]. The results of present study indicate that the crude ethanolic extract considerably incontestable paralysis and also caused death of worm in dose dependent manner, whereas aqueous and petroleum extracts show weak anthelmintic effect.

Antitumor effect and antioxidant role:

Antitumor activity and antioxidant standing of methanol extract (50, 100, and two hundred mg/kg) of B. racemosa stem bark evaluated against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumour in mice. The methanolic extract of B. racemosa show decrease in tumour volume, packed cell volume and viable cell count, and multiplied the dead cell count and mean survival time thereby increasing life of EAC tumour bearing mice [4]. Hematologic profile reverted to normal or less normal levels in extract treated mice. Treatment with MEBR decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and multiplied the amount of glutathione, SOD and catalase. The methanol extract of B. racemosa stem bark exhibited antitumour impact by modulating lipid per oxidation and augmenting defense system defense system in EAC bearing mice

Antihistaminic activity:

Antihistaminic activity of associate ethanol extract of Bauhinia racemosa (at a dose of fifty mg/kg, i.p.) assessed victimization clonidine-induced catalepsy and haloperidol-induced catalepsy in Swiss anomaly mice. The results showed that the ethanol extract inhibits clonidine-induced catalepsy but there is not any impact on haloperidol-induced catalepsy. This implies that the inhibition is through associate antihistaminic action that there is not any role of dopamine. Hence, we tend to complete that the ethanol extract has vital antihistaminic activity [15]. The polar constituents inside the ethanol extract of leaves of B. racemosa might even be responsible for the antihistaminic activity and B. racemosa might so have a role in the treatment of respiratory disorder (asthama).

Analgesic activity:

The alcoholic and aqueous extract of Bauhinia racemosa dried stem bark of Bauhinia racemosa lam. at a 100, two hundred mg/kg weight accustomed choose the analgesic activity. compound extract of bauhinia racemosa lam stem bark at a two hundred mg/kg weight show necessary analgesic activity whereas a hundred mg/kg dose didn't show necessary results once place next with management ( p < zero.01) The results of analgesic activity of alcoholic extract created necessary results at each the doses (p < zero.01) [19]. The findings indicated the analgesic activity of the stem bark of the prepare.

Antiulcer effect:

Dried fruit powder of the plant B. racemosa used to study the antiulcer effect in Wistar albino rats. Aqueous and alcoholic extract at a dose level of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight were used in study. After one hour all the groups administered Paracetamol at a dose rate of 200mg/kg body weight orally. After 24h, the number of ulcers, ulcer score, percent incidence, ulcer index and healing index recorded. From the results obtained it was concluded that aqueous extract in the dose rate of 200mg/kg body weight and alcoholic extract (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight) could produce antiulcer activity [21].

Hepatoprotective effect:

To analyze the hepatoprotective effect biochemical parameter such as SGOT, SGPT, total bilirubin, ALP estimated, the histopathological analysis also performed. The test material found effective as hepatoprotective through in vivo and histopathological study [22,23].

Anxiolytic effects:

Anxiolytic effects of methanolic extract of B. racemosa in mice elevated by operating the plus-maze model (EPM), light-weight dark model, hole board test, foot shock induced freezing behavior. What is more, the anxiolytic-like effects of MEBR compared to a familiar active tranquilliser (Diazepam). The extract administered orally in 2 totally different doses of one hundred fifty mg/kg and three hundred mg/kg, able to increase the time spent and also the range of arm entries within the open arms of the elevated plus-maze, additionally will increase the time spent by mice within the well-lighted facet of the light–dark take a look at, showed important increase in nose poking and reduce locomotion in hole board take a look at, further as caused important reduction in freezing time compared with control animals. This impact was such as that of the anxiolytic drug benzodiazepine (2.0mg/kg p.o.). These results indicate that methanolic extract of Bauhinia racemosa is an efficient anxiolytic agent [24].

Lipid lowering effects:

Ethanolic extract of leaves of B. racemosa showed lipid lowering effects on hyperlipidemic hamsters. BR showed important lowering of lipoid profile at a dose of 250mg/kg body-wt of rodent. Chloroform fraction (F2) obtained from BR showed pronounced activity at lower dose of 1 hundred mg/kg. F2 gave a pair of most active fractions (L and T) whose activity separations led to the isolation of constituents 1-5, that are being according for the primary time from this natural source. The results of activity profile of the plant found to be better than the quality drug lovastatin [25].

Anti-HIV-1 activity:

Anti-HIV-1 activity of Bauhinia racemosa Lam. stems and isolated fractions were studied. Completely totally different extracts of B. racemosa stems were tested for his or her anti-HIV-1 activity. Methanol eightieth extract of B. racemosa was the foremost active as associate anti-HIV-1 agent whereas the other fractions; aqueous, n-butanol and liquid extracts were less effective. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract and methanol extracts have shown bioactive parts, flavonoids, tannins and terpenes whereas any action separation of the bioactive elements from alcohol extract of Bauhinia racemosa stems resulted at intervals the isolation and identification of 2 triterpenic acids; oleanoic and ursolic, 2 hydrolysable tannins, gallic and ellagic acids, and 3 flavonoids; luteolin, quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside and myricetin 3–O–β–glucoside. The results show that B. racemosa methanol extract has potentials as associate anti- HIV-1 agent [26].

Anti-diabetic activity

Diabetes is defined by higher levels of glucose in blood with decrease in insulin secretion. Daily oral treatment of alloxan induced diabetic rats with methanol and aqueous extracts of Bauhinia racemosa for twenty days might restore the conventional biotransformation by shifting the balance of carbohydrate metabolism [27].

Larvicidal activity:

Larvicidal activity of B. racemosa and lantana camera linn. Extracted in petroleum ether chloroform and ethyl acetate tested against mosquito larvae of A. stephensi late third fourth in star larvae use for the sceening. The ethyl acetate extract of B. racemosa showed highest larvicidal activity. The results recommend the utilization of the plant in insect management as an alternate technique for minimizing the noxious impact of some chemical compound on the environment [28].

Anti-inflammatory activity:

Anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract obtained from B. racemosa stem bark was investigated at the dose level of fifty, 100 and 2 hundred mg/kg weight. the results of the extract on the acute and chronic phases of inflammation were studied in histamine, dextran, amine and 5-hydroxytryptamine induced paw swelling and cotton pellet-induced neoplasm, NSAID. The plant extract (200 mg/kg b.w.) and anti-inflammatory drug drug (10 mg/kg b.w.) shriveled the formation of neoplasm tissue induced by cotton pellet methodology at a rate of fifty.4 and 56.2%, severally. The extract else reserved peritoneal leukocyte migration in mice ²⁹.The anti-edema results of the extract was compared with ten mg/kg of anti-inflammatory drug orally. In acute section of inflammation, a most inhibition of forty four.9, 43.2, 44.8 and 45.9% (P < 0.001) was noted at the dose of 2 hundred mg/kg b.w. once 3 h of treatment with the extract in gum, dextran, histamine and serotonin-induced paw swelling, severally [29].

CONCLUSION:

In today’s era herbal medicine widely use due it has fewer side effects than the synthetics drugs. Bauhinia racemosa are most versatile medicinal plant having the various medicinal benefits such as antipyretic, analgesic, fever, headache, diarrhea, dysentery. The present study focus on the phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities of the plant. The phyoconstituents of the plant show the various pharmacological activity like antimicrobial, antiviral, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and ant-diabetic. Hence, this review article might be helpful for researcher to find further new chemical entities for its claimed traditional activities.

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Received on 22.11.2020 Modified on 23.07.2021

Research J. Science and Tech. 2021; 13(4):256-260.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2021.00040