INTRODUCTION:

Plants and plant-based products have long been utilized as a source of medicine. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 80% of the world's population, primarily in developing and underdeveloped nations, relies on conventional plant-based medicines for their basic medical needs.¹

Nature has given us medicinal herbs as a gift so that we might live healthy, disease-free lives. It is essential for maintaining our health. India, one of the most medically varied nations in the world, has a long history of using medicinal plants, and this tradition is still held in high regard today.²

A crucial part of human life is played by medicinal herbs. There is a strong bond between humans and herbs. As about 80% of the world's population lives in underdeveloped nations and relies on plant resources for their primary healthcare, medicinal plants now play a crucial role in scientific advancement and possess a wealth of untapped potential.³

Traditional medicine has made extensive use of plant-based therapy, which also serves as the primary source of inspiration for the pharmaceuticals used to treat a variety of disorders.⁴

The evergreen, tall Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites (PL) plant is found throughout tropical and subtropical areas, primarily in India and Sri Lanka. It is a member of the Annonaceae family.⁵

It is generally recognized as Ashoka or False Ashoka.⁶

About 120 species make up the genus Polyalthia, which is primarily found in Africa, South and South-East Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. One of the most significant native medicinal plants in Indian medical literature is Polyalthia longifolia. In India, almost all of this plant's parts are used medicinally to cure a variety of illnesses, and scientific studies have revealed that it has important medicinal characteristics.⁷

The plant can be found in India's tropical and subtropical regions, up to a height of 1500 metres. A beautiful, towering, pyramid-shaped, columnar tree that can reach a height of 12 metres or more and is evergreen. Branches that are pendulous, glabrous, and just 1-2 metres long. Alternate, exstipulate, and moderately fragrant leaves.⁸

The leaves contain a variety of chemical components, including three novel Aporphin Noxide alkaloids and the azafluorene alkaloid.⁹

Longifolia is a Latin term that describes the length of the plant's leaves, while polyalthia is a Greek word that meaning "many cure." The plant is primarily found in India's hot regions.¹⁰

Polyalthia longifolia (P. longifolia) was used as a treatment for gonorrhoea, snake bites, and scorpion stings in the earliest report of plantwood use made by Troup RS and Chopra RN. Blood pressure and pulse rate are decreased by the plant's bark's aqueous extract. According to Chopra RN, the bark can also be used as a febrifuge.¹¹

It has historically been used as a treatment for fever, gonorrhoea, ulcers, skin conditions, and helminthiasis in India. Good hyperglycemic, antibacterial, antioxidant, analgesic, and anticancer properties are seen in it.¹²

The Annonaceae family, is referred to as the custard apple family, includes the mast tree. The Annonaceae family of plants are well-known in literature as traditional remedies. Septic infections, hepatomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly, coughing, diarrhoea, and cancer are all treated with these herbs. Due to the production of great contract of young golden and coppery brown leaves over old dark green leaves, it is the tree of choice for landscape design.¹³

Another name for P. longifolia is the Buddha tree. It is made up of a lightweight, straight trunk. It was formerly employed in the process of creating the masts for sailing ships, thus the name "mast tree." It is mostly employed in the production of small items like pencil cases. It is mostly cultivated in many tropical nations for garden design. ¹⁴

The plant's stem bark is frequently employed as an adulterant or a stand-in for the bark of Saraca indica.¹⁵

P. longifolia is effective in adsorbing metals. The plant is now useful for managing industrial wastewater and effluent as a result of this intervention.¹⁶

The plant also shows good corrosion inhibition capabilities.¹⁷

PLANT PROFILE:

Polyalthia longifolia plant Polyalthia longifolia plant leaves

Botanical name: Polyalthia longifolia L.

Common names: False Ashoka, Budhha tree, Green champa, Indian mast tree, Indian fir tree.

Geographical source:

The native geographic distribution includes India Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Manipur, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Goa, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, and Sri Lanka. The exotic geographic distribution includes Bhutan, China.¹⁸

PHARMACOGNOSTIC PROFILE:

· Morphology and Macroscopy:

I. Morphological features of Polyalthia longifolia L.:

Parameters	*P. longifolia* leaf
Colour	lime green, or dark green, glossy
Shape	ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate with wavy margins
Surface	Smooth
Size	7-20 cm
Leaf length	7.5 to 23 cm
Leaf width	1.5 to 3.8 cm

II. Microscopy :

Fig.1 T.S. of Polyalthia longifolia leaf showing starch grains.

The presence of starch in leaves can be tested by the Iodine test.

Procedure : T.S. of False Ashoka leaf + add few drops of iodine solution.

The starch grains will be seen in black colour.

Fig.2 T.S. of Polyalthia longifolia leaf showing cuticle.

A plant cuticle is a protecting film covering the outermost skin layer (epidermis) of leaves, young shoots and other aerial plant organs.

Procedure : T.S. of False ashoka leaf + add few drops of sudan red solution.

Fig.3 T. S. of Polyalthia longifolia leaf showing vascular bundles.

Procedure : T.S. of False Ashoka leaf + Add few drops of phloroglucinol and conc. HCl solution in ratio 3:1

The pink colour shows the presence of vascular bundles.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS:

1. Moisture Content : A small amount of powder was placed in a crucible with lid and put in a hot air oven for removal of moisture content at 100±1^oC overnight. The dried samples were weighed in crucible with lid after cooling to room temperature. By using following formula moisture content is calculated.

Weight of sample – Weight of dried sample

Percentage of moisture content = ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– × 100

Weight of sample

2. Total Ash Value: The residue remaining after incineration is the ash content of the drug. (Inorganic salts of carbonates, phosphates, silicates of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium) is called as ash content. Ash value is a criterion to judge the identity or purity of the crude drug.

Determination: Weigh accurately about 3gm of the powdered drug in a tared silica crucible. Incinerate the powdered drug by gradually increasing the heat until free from carbon and cool. Keep it in dessicators. Ash value is the standard used to judge the identity or purity of the crude drug.

Weight of ashed sample

Percentage of ash = ––––––––––––––––––––––––– ×100

Weight of sample taken

3. Water Soluble Extractive: Water soluble extractive value is applied for the drugs which contain water soluble constituents such as tannins, sugars, plant acids and mucilage.

Determination: Macerate about 5gm of the accurately weighed coarse powder with 100ml of water in 250ml volumetric flask for 24 hours. Shake frequently for first 6 hours. Filter rapidly through filter paper and evaporate 25ml of water extract to dryness in tared flat-bottomed shallow dish. Dry the residue at 105 and weigh. Keep it in a desiccators. Dry the extract to constant weight, finally, calculate the % of W/W of water soluble extractive value with reference to the air dried drug.

4. Alcohol Soluble Extractive:

Alcohol soluble extractive value is applied for the drugs which contain alcohol soluble constituents such as tannins, resins and alkaloids.

Determination: Macerate about 5gm of the accurately weighed coarse powder with 100ml of 90% alcohol in 250ml volumetric flask for 24hours. Shake frequently for first 6 hours. Filter rapidly through filter paper and evaporate 25ml of alcohol extract to dryness in tared flat-bottomed shallow dish. Dry the residue at 105 and weigh. Keep it in a desiccators. Dry the extract to constant weight, finally, calculate the % of W/W of alcohol soluble extractive value with reference to the air dried drug.

5. Water Soluble Ash:

Determination: The total ash obtained as above with the 25ml of water for 5minutes. To filter through ashless filter paper. Wash the residue with hot water and then ignite in the tared silica crucible by muffle furnace cool and keep in desiccators. For with ash obtained after inspiration and calculate water soluble ash of drug with reference to the air dried sample.

Weight of soluble ash

Percentage of soluble ash = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ×100

Total weight of ash

6. Acid Insoluble Ash:

Used for the determination of earthy matter present on roots, rhizomes, and also on the leaves. Crude drugs contain calcium oxalate crystals the amount may varies depending on the environmental conditions.

Determination:

Boil the total ash obtained as above for 5 minutes with 25ml of dil. HCL. Filtereded and the insoluble matter is collected on the ashless fiter paper, the filter paper is washed with hot water, ignite in tared crucible, cool and kept in dessicators. Measure the weight of the residue and the acid insoluble ash of the drug is calculated.

7. Sulphated Ash:

Silica crucible was heated to redness for 10 minutes, allowed to cool in desiccators and weighed. The total ash obtained was taken in the crucible and weighed accurately. It was ignited gently at first, until the substance is thoroughly charred, the residue was cooled, moistend with 1 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid, heated gently until white fumes are no longer evolved and ignited at 450°C temperature until all black particles have disappeard.

W₃-W₁

Sulphated ash (%w/w) = –––––––––––

W₂-W₁

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING:

1. Test for tannins :

About 0.5g of each plant extract was stirred with about 10ml distilled water and then filtered. Few drops of 1% ferric chloride solution were added to 2ml of the filtrate, and occurrence of a blue-black, green, or blue-green precipitate indicates the presence of tannins.

2. Test for steroids:

In about 0.2g of each plant extract, 2ml of acetic acid was added, and the solution was cooled well in ice followed by the addition of concentrated H₂SO₄ carefully. No colour formation of blue or bluish green therefore indicates the absence of a steroidal ring,

3. Test for saponins:

1 gm of each portion is boiled with 5ml of distilled water, then filtered. To the filtrate, about 3 ml of distilled water was further added and shaken vigorously for about 5min. Frothing which persisted on warming showed the presence of saponins.

4. Test for flavonoids :

About 0.5g of each plant extract was dissolved in ethanol, and it was warmed and then filtered. Three pieces of magnesium chips were then added to the filtrate by few drops of concentrated HCl. No colour formation therefore indicates the absence of flavonoids.

5. Test for glycosides:

1ml of conc.H₂SO₄ is prepared in a test tube, and 5 ml of aqueous plant extract is mixed with 2ml of glacial CH₃CO₂H containing 1 drop of FeCl₃. The above mixture is carefully added to 1 ml of conc. H₂SO₄ so that the conc, H₂SO₄ is underneath the mixture. A brown ring appears indicating cardiac glycoside is present.

6. Test for alkaloids:

About 0.2g of the plant extract was stirred with 5ml of 1 % aqueous HCl on water bath and then filtered. From the filtrate, 1ml was taken individually into two test tubes. To the first portion, few drops of Dragendorff’s reagent were added; occurrence of orange-red precipitate was taken as positive. To the second 1ml, Mayer’s reagent was added, buff-colored precipitate appeared which indicates the presence of alkaloids.19, 20, 21

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES:

1. Anti-ulcer Activity :

The ability of P. longifolia leaves extracted in methanol to prevent ulcers in animals was assessed. Wistar albino rats were used in the experiment, and alcohol and ethanol/HCl were used to create ulcers. The extract had a good dose-dependent antiulcer action, according to the results.²²

The plant leaves' aqueous and ethanolic extracts shown the ability to improve the pH of the gastric pylorus ligation ulcer model and decrease overall acidity, ulcer index, and gastric content.²³

2. Hypoglycemic Activity :

Rats were given alloxan to produce experimental diabetes, and the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects of several solvent extracts of P. longifolia var. pendula leaf extracts were assessed. Glucose-lowering action was obtained by P. longifolia extracts and powder. However, none of the biochemical indicators were appreciably changed by the extracts. As a result, the extracts and raw powder have only minimally effective anti-diabetic characteristics. An important result is the existence of an antihyperglycemic action against sugar loading-induced hyperglycemia. Today, it is believed that a drug's effect is the most crucial component for treating diabetes.²⁴

3. Antipyretic Activity:

K Annan et al. used a lipopolysaccharide-induced antipyretic activity model to investigate the antipyretic properties of the methanol extract of the plant's leaves, stem bark, and roots. The antipyretic efficacy of the plant extracts was notable and frequently greater than that of acetylsalicylic acid. Root extract, leaf extract, and stem bark extract were in that sequence of decreasing percentages of inhibition, respectively. The herb was useful for treating a variety of conditions due to its dose-dependent antipyretic action.²⁵

4. Antioxidant Activity:

The existence of a high phenolic content was revealed by the ethanol extract of P. longifolia's ripe pericarp, which led to the extract's substantial antioxidant activity.²⁶

The methanolic extract of the leaves demonstrated greater antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid, 27 however the seed oil displayed less antioxidant activity.²⁸

The ethanol extract of the leaves was investigated by Sampath and Vasanthi, who found three flavonoids, including rutin, chrysin, and a daidzein-related isomer, as well as an unidentified flavonoid. The flavonoids significantly contributed to the induction of antioxidant activity.²⁹

The plant's stem bark component 3-O-methyl ellagic acid shown a potential antioxidant effect.¹⁵

5. Analgesic Activity :

Mature P. longifolia leaves could be extracted with methanol, ethyl acetate, and benzene and still display analgesic action. Following methanol extract in analgesic potency were ethyl and benzene extracts.³⁰

Moniruzzaman et al. evaluated the antinociceptive properties of the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of P. longifolia, which prevents the detection of a painful stimuli. Heat-plate, tail-immersion, glutamate, and formalin-induced licking tests, as well as acetic acid-induced writhing tests, were used in the experiment as thermal and chemical models of nociception. A good antinociceptive action was demonstrated by the extract in a dose-dependent manner.³¹

6. Hepatoprotective Activity:

Using a liver injury model, Jothy and Aziz et al. showed the plant's hepatoprotective activity. The study found that P. longifolia had the power to reverse and defend against numerous biochemical and histological alterations occurring in different organs. The plant may have prevented oxidative damage in mice by strengthening the antioxidant defense system.²⁷

By lowering increased blood enzymes, bilirubin, and lipid peroxidation, the methanolic extract of P. longifolia fruits can guard against hepatic injuries and liver damage.³²

7. Hypotensive Activity:

Blood pressure was significantly lowered when P. longifolia var. pendula root bark extract was defatted and dissolved in 50% methanol. Kolavenic acid, clerodane and its isomer, liriodenine, lysicamine, and bisclerodane imide and its isomer are among the compounds isolated from this extract. At a dose of 30 mg/kg, only kolavenic acid caused a 22% decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure. The extract caused hypertensive and normotensive rats with egg yolk to experience a drop in blood pressure.³³

8. Anticancer Activity:

Since the Annonaceae family of plants contain substances that have antitumor and anticancer properties, the therapeutic value of the alcoholic extract and its chloroform fraction derived from P. longifolia leaves was investigated for its anticancer properties. Further research was done on the chloroform fraction's ability to induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells. All cancer cells exhibit a deregulation of apoptosis, and therapies that enhance cancer cells' propensity for programmed cell death may be effective against the disease. Anticancer medications work in a variety of methods that eventually combine to activate apoptosis in cancer cells, which results in cell cytotoxicity. A methanolic extract of P. longifolia var. pendula was used to isolate 20 recognised chemicals as well as a new halimane diterpene, 3, 5, 16-trihydroxyhalima-13(14)-en-15, 16-olide, and an oxoprotoberberine alkaloid, (-)-8-oxopolyalthiaine.³⁴

9. Anti-inflammatory Activity:

Sharma et al. looked at the anti-inflammatory properties utilising the cotton pellet granuloma subacute inflammation model. It offered proof of the plant's ethanolic and aqueous fresh leaf extract's anti-inflammatory properties.²³

Due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic chemicals, both extracts exhibited anti- inflammatory action.³⁵

16-hydroxycleroda-3, 13(14)E-dien-15-oic acid, an active clerodone diterpenoid from P. longifolia, inhibited human neutrophil proinflammatory responses by blocking Ca2+, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt signalling pathways.³⁶

CONCLUSION:

We made an effort to assemble the pharmacological, phytochemical, and ethnomedicinal information on Polyalthia longifolia in this review because it is a crucial plant for medicine. The conventional medical system and an antiquated remedy must be investigated for fresh therapeutic applications. These plant's therapeutic uses and the many opportunities for research still lie in comparatively unexplored facets of its functionality. So that we can say that the plant is a good medicinal plant that can be further explored with regard to phytochemistry, not merely for ornamental purposes.

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Received on 30.11.2022 Modified on 23.12.2022

Research J. Science and Tech. 2023; 15(1):41-48.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2023.00008