INTRODUCTION:

Moxifloxacin is an antibiotic, used to treat bacterial infections, including pneumonia, conjunctivitis, endocarditis, tuberculosis and sinusitis. It can be given by mouth, by injection into a vein and as an eye drop. Moxifloxacin was patented in1988 and approved for use in the United States in 1999.

Generic name:- moxifloxacin

Trade names :- Avelox ,vigamox , moxiflox etc.

IUPAC name :- 1-Cyclopropyl-7-[(1S,6S)-2,8-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-yl]-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid

Molar mass :- 401.438 g·mol−1

Formula :- C ₂₁H ₂₄FN ₃O ₄¹

Fig. 1: Structure of moxifloxacin

Fig.2: D structure of moxifloxacin

Mechanism:

The bactericidal action of moxifloxacin results from inhibition of the enzymes topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV. DNA gyrase is an essential enzyme that is involved in the replication. Transcription and repair of bacterial DNA. Topoisomerase IV is an enzyme known to play a key role in the partitioning of the chromosomal DNA during bacterial cell division.²

pharmacokinetic - Direct application of topical antimicrobial to conjunctival and corneal tissues Can initially provide very high local and aqueous chamber concentration. penetration of moxifloxacin has been studied in ocular tissues and fluids to both humans and animals. Concentration can be recorded by route of administration, dosing frequency Site to infection presence or absence of epithelial defects and underlying disease. The dosing frequency for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis is one drop 3 times a day for 5 days.

Pharmacodynamics:

The therapeutic success or potency of an antibacterial agent is a complex interrelationship between drug and its ability to reach the target site. The microbial pathogen and susceptibility to the selective drug. It is pharmacokinetics is the dispersion and metabolism of the drug in the body. It is defines the impact of the antimicrobial agent on the infecting microorganism.³

Dosage:

Oral: 400mg tablet

Intravenous: 400mg/250ml IV

Ophthalmic: 0.5% solution

Adult:

Chronic bronchitis: 400 mg PO/IV every 24 hr x 5 days

Community-acquired pneumonia: 400 mg PO/IV every 24 hr x 7-14 days

Conjunctivitis, bacterial: (0.5% ophthalmic solution) 1 drop to affected eye(s) 3 times a day x 7 days

Sinusitis: 400 mg IV or ORALLY every 24 hr for 10 days

Skin/skin structure infection: 400 mg PO/IV every 24 hr x 7 days

Pediatric:

Efficacy and safety not established in patients less than 18 years of age⁴

Side effects:

The more common side effects of moxifloxacin include

· Nausea

· Diarrhea

· Headache

· Vomiting

· Dizziness

· Nervousness

· Agitation

· Night mares

Some serious side effects

· Liver failure. Symptoms can include: yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes pain in the upper right part of your abdomen nausea and vomiting

· Stevens-Johnson syndrome. This is a serious, life-threatening skin rash. Symptoms can include:

Fever rash sores in or around your mouth, nose, eyes, or genitals peeling skin

· Kidney failure. Symptoms can include:

making less urine than normal

swelling of your feet, legs, and arms

chest pain or pressure

· Seizures

· Peripheral neuropathy. Symptoms typically start in your hands and feet and spread to your arms and legs. Symptoms can include:

tingling

burning

pain

numbness

weakness

sensitivity to touch

· Severe diarrhea. These symptoms will last after you stop taking the drug

· Heart rhythm problems such as torsades de pointes (irregular heart rhythm). This drug can change your heartbeat in a way that puts you at risk for a life-threatening, irregular heart rhythm.⁵

Moxifloxacin disease Interactions

There are 9 disease introduction with moxifloxacin which includes:-

· Colitis

· Liver

· CNS disorder

· Myasthenia gravis

· Peripheral neuropathy

· Tendonitis

· Diabetes⁶

Storage:- Direct contact with heat, air and light may damage your medicines. The exposure of medicine may cause some harmful effects. The medicine must be kept in a safe place and out of children’s reach.

Mainly the drug should be kept at room temperature between 68ºF and 77ºF (20ºC and 25ºC).

Precautions: Before taking Moxifloxacin talk to your doctor if you are allergic to it or any other medications. The product may contain some inactive ingredients that can cause some serious health issues in your body. Before using the medication talk to your doctor if you are having any of the medical histories:

· Diarrhea

· Heart problems

· Joint problem

· Liver disease

· Myasthenia gravis

· Nerve problem

· Seizure disorder

Moxifloxacin can also cause some serious conditions that can affect the heart rhythm i.e. QT prolongation. QT prolongation will rarely cause some serious and irregular heartbeat symptoms⁷

Literature survey:

1. In this wonk simple and rapid RP-HPLC method for the direct determination of moxifloxacin in human plasma is described. separation of human plasma component was achieved by Supelco LC-Hisep Shielded hydrophobic phase column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.25 mol/dm³ Na3 po4 at pH 3 in a volume percent ratio (5:95, v/v) it was delivered at a rate of 1ml/min. detection was employed with at 290 nm and emission at 500nm. As per author research he concludes that This method was applied for the determination of moxifloxacin in human plasma.⁸

2. In this author and team study about a green HPLC assay method for simultaneous estimation of two moxifloxacin Combinations moxifloxocin/dexamethasone and moxifloxocin/prednisolone. The separation is acheived by reversed phase Thermo scientific Mos-1 Hypersil C8 column C250mmx46mmi.d., 5-μm particle size) using an eco-friendly isocratic eluent ethanol; water containing 0.05% triethanolamine (90:10, V/V, PH 4.5). This assay was completed by combination within < 6 min applying a flow rate at 1.0ML/min. uv-detector was adjust at 240 nm for the First 4.0 min and later at 280 nm using time programe. Author conclude that there method was helpful in the routine quality control analysis of the investigated binary mixtures with least harmful effect on the environment or human being.⁹

3. The chromatographic method achieved by separation of moxifloxacin hydrochloride, dexamethasone and stress-induced by use of BDS Hypersil C8 Column (250x4.6mm, 5 μm) as stationary phase with mobile phase consist a mixture of phosphate buffer (20mm) containing 0.1% (v/v) triethylamine, at pH 2.8 (adjusted with dilute phosphoric acid) and methanol (38.5: 61.5V/V) at a flow rate of 1.5ML mint chromatographic separation of analytical peaks and degradation product was achieved within 10 min. detection performed at 254nm using a diode array detector. As per author conclusion this method was simple, sensitive specific precise and accurate.¹⁰

4. The chromatographic separation was achieved by HPLC using a mixture of acetonitrile-10mM orthophosphonic acid at pH 2.5 (80:20 v/v) as the mobile phase with isocratically system a C8 columns. it is highly fluorescent at 537 nm, being excited at 664nm. The limit of detection and quantitation were 6 and 15ng/ml. As per author this method was applied in pharmacokinetic studies.¹¹

5. P. Djurdjevic and team was determined by RP-HPLC method separation and determination of impurities moxifloxacin, in its pharmaceutical forms as well as of moxifloxacin degradation product. was achieved on a waters C18 Xterra Column using a mobile phase of (water + triethylamine (2% V/N)! acetonitrile = 90:10 (V/v%) The pH of water phase being adjusted with phosphoric acid to 6.0 flow rate of mobile phase was 15 ml/min and uv-detection at 290nm was employed impurity peaks was in average, Rs min >15.¹²

CONCLUSION:

The moxifloxacin is a antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, including pneumonia, conjunctivitis, endocarditis, tuberculosis and sinusitis. The mechanism which includes pharmacology, the common and serious side effect of the drug. The various methods used like HPLC development and determination achieved in moxifloxacin with various components. The Method are simple, sensitive, precise and accurate.

REFERENCE:

1. "Moxifloxacin - Wikipedia" https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxifloxacin

2. https://www.pediatriconcall.com/drugs/moxifloxacin/785

3. Darlene miller, Review of moxifloxacin hydrochloride ophthalmic solution in the treatment of bacterial eye infection clin ophthalmol. 2008; 2(1):77-91

4. "Moxifloxacin" http://antimicrobe.org/drugpopup/moxifloxacin.htm

5. https://www.healthline.com/health/drugs/moxifloxacin-oral-tablet#side-effects

6. "Moxifloxacin Disease Interactions - Drugs.com" https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/moxifloxacin.html

7. https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/medicine/moxifloxacin

8. Aleksandra L et al. Optimization and validation of the direct HPLC method for the determination of moxifloxacin in plasm. Journal of Chromatography. 844(1): 104-111.

9. Ibrahim et al. Green RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin combination. Microchemical Journal. 2019; 148: 151-161.

10. Syed N. R et .al simultaneous determination of dexamethasone and moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical formulation using stability indicating HPLC method. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2017; 10(3): 321-328.

11. Sevgi Tatay. Ulu HPLC assay for moxifloxacin Pharmacokinetic in human plasma. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2007; 43: 320-324.

12. P. Djurdjevic et al. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2009; 50: 117–126.

Received on 06.05.2023 Modified on 14.06.2023

Research J. Science and Tech. 2023; 15(3):161-164.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2023.00026