Understanding the traditional medicinal knowledge and use of medicinal herbs by tribal community of Lakhanpuri, Kanker: A Case study

Razia Sultana¹*, Chitramani Shrimali², Hit Narayan Tandan²

¹Assistant Professor – Zoology, Shri Kuleshwar Mahadev Govt. College Gobara Nawapara, Raipur (C.G.).

²Sant Guru Ghasidas Govt. P. G. College Kurud, Chhattisgarh, India, 492001.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: raziasultana83ster@gmail.com

Abstract:

Present study was conducted to document the lifestyle schedule, food habits, and traditional knowledge of medicine in rural dwellers of Lakhanpuri, Kanker. This research was carried out during a three-day excursion tour for medicinal plants, organized by Chhattisgarh Vigyan Sabha, an NGO dedicated to fostering scientific temper among the people. 70 subjects were participated in the study. Most of them belong to Gond tribe. The subjects were provide with some self-made inventories to detect their biographical information, health, food habits and tradition medicinal practices. The data obtained were analysed by using excel and SPSS (10.0). We documented 43 medicinal plants around the village. Most of the local medicinal herbs were used by villagers to treat diseases like malaria, fever, typhoid, snake bite, bone fracture, common cold cough, pain, wound etc. They also use herbs for exorcise. They generally avoid modern medicinal practice. The effectiveness of these traditional medicines is to be tested. The subjects were mostly living healthy lifestyle, taking local, home cooked food, night life and fast food is not in trend. We documented no food zone in the village. They use locally available cereals, pulses, roots, edible leafy vegetable in large quantity. Honey, mahua liquor and millets are also common edibles for them. The eating schedule is also consistent. Most of the subjects were early risers and early sleepers. The BSA and BMI were in normal range. Obesity in the village is rare. However some of them were underweight. No significant serious illness in reported in population. It is concluded that the villagers have traditional medicinal knowledge needs to be decoded by further research. Common problems like obesity, diabetes and hypertension is not documented in the population. We suggest large data sample and rest-activity rhythm analysis for further confirmation of the findings.

KEYWORDS: Traditional medicinal knowledge; Lifestyle schedule, Traditional food habits.

INTRODUCTION:

Lakhanpuri is a village located in the Kanker district of the state of Chhattisgarh, India. Lakhanpuri, located in the Kanker district of Chhattisgarh, is in a region known for its natural beauty and historical significance¹. Several caves in and around this area are of interest due to their historical, cultural, and natural importance. It is location in Kanker, Chhattisgarh, approximately at latitude 20.2717° N and longitude 81.4935° E². The village is surrounded by lush greenery, with agricultural fields and small patches of forested areas. The climate is typically tropical, with hot summers, a monsoon season, and mild winters. The Kanker district, including areas around Lakhanpuri, is known for prehistoric rock paintings and other archaeological sites that provide evidence of early human settlement. These sites often feature cave paintings, tools, and other artifacts dating back to ancient times (Figure 1). The region around Lakhanpuri has several ancient temples and monuments that reflect the rich cultural heritage of the area. These structures often contain inscriptions and carvings that offer insights into the history and religious practices of the past.

The village has a small population with a mix of different communities. The primary language spoken is Chhattisgarhi, with Hindi also widely understood and used for official purposes. Traditional festivals like Diwali, Holi, and local harvest festivals are celebrated with enthusiasm. The village has a strong sense of community with various social events and gatherings that strengthen bonds among the residents. Agriculture is the main occupation of the villagers. They cultivate crops like paddy, wheat, and various vegetables. Some villagers engage in animal husbandry, small-scale businesses, and labor work. The village is connected by road. Local transportation includes buses, auto-rickshaws, and bicycles. There are basic educational facilities including primary and secondary schools. For higher education, students usually travel to nearby towns or cities. Basic healthcare facilities are available within the village, with more advanced medical services accessible in Kanker or larger cities. The village has access to electricity and water supply. Efforts are ongoing to improve sanitation and other basic amenities. The village faces challenges such as the need for better healthcare facilities, improved educational institutions, and enhanced infrastructure. Initiatives to promote sustainable agriculture, better employment opportunities, and access to markets for local produce are needed for economic growth.

Udhkudha (lakhanpuri)

Location: Kanker Chhattisgarh, India.

Latitude, Longitude: 20.2376° N, 81.9472° E

Elevation: 358 m (1,175 ft)

Time zone: UTC+5:30 (IST)

Figure 1. Study location – Udhkuda (Lakhanpuri)

Tribes: The Kanker district is home to several tribal communities, each with its own unique traditions and history. The artifacts, folklore, and cultural practices of these tribes contribute to the understanding of the historical and cultural landscape of Lakhanpuri. According to the Census of India 2011, the tribal population in Kanker district was around 58% of the total district population. The exact percentage for Lakhanpuri village specifically may vary but is likely to reflect the overall district trend due to the homogeneous distribution of tribal communities³. The major tribes in this region include the Gond, Halba, and Muria tribes. The Gond tribe is the largest tribal group in the region, making up about 55-60% of the tribal population. The Gonds have a rich cultural heritage with traditional dance forms like the Dandari and Karma, and they primarily speak the Gondi language⁴. The Halba tribe constitutes around 20-25% of the tribal population. The Halba people are known for their vibrant festivals and customs. They primarily speak Halbi, a language closely related to Chhattisgarhi ⁵. The Muria tribe makes up about 10-15% of the tribal population. The Murias are known for their intricate beadwork, traditional music, and dance. They primarily speak a dialect of Gondi⁶. Other smaller tribes, such as the Bhatra and Dhurwa, make up the remaining 5-10% of the tribal population. These tribes have their own distinct cultural practices and languages, contributing to the rich diversity of the region ⁷.

The indigenous tribes in this region have preserved their traditional ways of life, customs, and knowledge systems for centuries. Tribes have a deep understanding of herbal medicine, using various plants and herbs for treating illnesses⁸. This traditional knowledge is passed down through generations and is integral to their healthcare practices. The tribes of Lakhanpuri have sustainable practices and a deep respect for nature. Their knowledge of local ecosystems helps in conserving biodiversity and managing natural resources. Halba tribes are known for their vibrant festivals like Mati Puja, where they worship the earth. Dance forms such as Raut Nacha are significant during celebrations. They are skilled in metalwork, particularly in making tools and agricultural implements. They also have traditional medicinal knowledge, using herbs and plants for treating various ailments. The Gonds have extensive knowledge of the local flora and fauna, which they use for medicinal purposes and in their daily lives. They practice sustainable agriculture and have traditional methods for weather prediction and crop management. The Murias are adept in beadwork and crafting traditional ornaments. They also practice shifting cultivation and have knowledge of forest management and sustainable harvesting of forest produce. Further tribes have health and nutrition problems. Socioeconomic condition of rural and tribal area is comparatively low⁹. The present study was conducted to identify the medicinal plants found around the Lakhanpuri and to identify local traditional knowledge, practice and health status of villagers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Data collection: the data of villagers were subjectively collected randomly using self-made questionnaire. We asked the villagers about the usage of local vegetable and forest products. Plant samples were collected from the surrounding forest and mountains. Local ayurvedic practioners and botanist were helped to identify the plants and their local and medicinal usage.

Biographical data were subjective collected, include family details, socioeconomic conditions, schedule of sleep, wake, breakfast, lunch and dinner etc. the data were analyzed by statistical software, SPSS 10.

RESULT:

Body mass index and Body Surface area of subjects:

The BSA and BMI were calculated. The average BSA was found to be 1.53±0.18 and BMI was 21.26±4.62. 37 (62%) subjects were having normal BSA, 23 (38%) Subjects were having less than normal BSA and 1 (2%) subjects showed more than normal BSA (Figure 2).

Figure 2: the figure shows Body Surface Area (BSA): % frequency: normal BSA= 37 (62%); < normal BSA = 23 (38%) and >normal BSA= 1 (2%).

Daily schedules of meals and sleep-wake pattern

The present study documented food habits of residents of Urkuda. Tribals and non-tribals were eating same kind of locally available food. We found that people don’t eat junk food at all. There is no hotel for snacks, coffee shops or restaurant in the village. During our stay we didn’t get any food facility in small tea shops. Night life of villagers is negligible. After 20 clock hour human activity in village is negligible. The frequency analysis of sleep wake suggests that approximately 86% of studied subjects used to wake early in the morning between 4 to 6 clock hours (4.75±0.72). Further all the subjects were early rises, with maximum wake time at and before 7 am. Similarly 74% of the studied subjects sleep between 20 to 21 clock hours with maximum sleep time 22:00 clock hours (20.98±0.61). Further their meal times were found to be consistent. The breakfast time was recorded between 6 to 10 am, where 91% subjects use to have their breakfast on or before 9 am (8.42±0.80). The lunch time was recorded between 10:00 to 16:00 clock hours, 64% subjects use to have their lunch on or before 13:00 clock hour (12.83± 1.3). The dinner time was recorded between 19:00 to 21:00 clock hours, 81% subjects use to have their dinner on or before 20:00 clock hours (20±0.5) (Table 2; Figure 3).

Table 2: Frequency analysis of daily schedule

		Frequency	% Frequency
Wake times	4	29	41.42857
	5	32	45.71429
	6	8	11.42857
	7	1	1.428571
Sleep time	20	13	18.57143
	21	39	55.71429
	22	18	25.71429
Breakfast time	6	2	2.857143
	7	2	2.857143
	8	36	51.42857
	9	25	35.71429
	10	7	10
Lunch time	10	2	2.857143
	12	28	40
	13	15	21.42857
	14	14	20
	16	4	5.714286
	No lunch	12	17.14286
Dinner time	19	7	10
	20	50	71.42857
	21	15	21.42857

Figure 3: the figure shows the average time schedule: average sleep time (20.98±0.61); wake time (4.75±0.72); breakfast time (8.42±0.80); lunch time (12.83± 1.3) and dinner time (20±0.5).

Medicinal plant biodiversity

The present study documented 43 medicinal plants in forest around Urkuda, Lakhanpuri, namely, Abrus precatorius, Abutilon indicum, Achyranthes aspera, Andrographis echioides, Argemone Mexicana, Asparagus racemosus, Azadirachta indica, Bridelia retusa, Calotropis gigantean, Celastrus paniculatus, Chloroxylon swietenia, Cleistanthus collinus, Dendrophthoe falcate, Diplocyclospalmatus, Elaeodendron glaucum, Evolvulus alsinoides, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Gardenia resinifera, Grewia hirsute, Gymnema sylvestre, Helicteres isora, Hemidesmus indicus , Holoptelea integrifolia, Jatropha curcas, Lantana camara, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Olax scandens, Ouret lanata, Phyla nodiflora, Phyllanthus reticulates, Pterospermum diversifolium, Selaginella bryopteris, Senna sophera, Shorea robusta, Soymida febrifuga, Sphaeranthus indicus, Strychnos potatorum, Tephrosia purpurea, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia elliptica, Ventilago denticulate, Woodfordia fruticosa (Table 3).

Table 3: List of medicinal plants recorded at Urkuda, district Kanker, Chhattisgarh during “AushadhiyaPaudhon ki Khoj Yatra” (16.12.2023-17.12.2023).

S. No.	Botanical plant	Vernacular name	Family
1.	Abrus precatorius L.	Gunja	Fabaceae
2.	Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet	Bala	Malvaceae
3.	Achyranthes aspera L.	Chitchita	Amaranthaceae
4.	Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees	Jangalibhuileem	Acanthaceae
5.	Argemone mexicana L.	Satyanshi	Papaveraceae
6.	Asparagus racemosus Willd.	Dashmool	Asparagaceae
7.	Azadirachta indica A.Juss.	Neem	Meliaceae
8.	Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss.	Kasahi	Phyllanthaceae
9.	Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T.Aiton	Aak, Madar	Apocynaceae
10.	Celastrus paniculatus Willd.	Malkagni, Pheng	Celastraceae
11.	Chloroxylon swietenia DC.	Birha	Rutaceae
12.	Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth. exHook.f.	Karra	Phyllanthaceae
13.	Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh.	Banda	Loranthaceae
14.	Diplocyclospalmatus (L.) C.Jeffrey	Shivlingi	Cucurbitaceae
15.	Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers.	Jamrashi	Celastraceae
16.	Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.	Shankhpushpi	Convolvulaceae
17.	Ficus benghalensisL.	Bargad	Moraceae
18.	Ficus religiosa L.	Peepal	Moraceae
19.	Gardenia resinifera Roth	Kurru	Rubiaceae
20.	Grewia hirsuta Vahl	Gudsukri	Malvaceae
21.	Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.)R.Br. ex Sm.	Gudmar	Apocynaceae
22.	Helicteres isora L.	Marodfalli	Malvaceae
23.	Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br	Anantmool	Apocynaceae
24.	Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.	Chirol	Ulmaceae
25.	Jatropha curcas L.	Ratanjot	Euphorbiaceae
26.	Lantana camara L.	Bhootnashak	Verbenaceae
27.	Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.	Parijat	Oleaceae
28.	Olax scandens Roxb.	Daantnipori	Olacaceae
29.	Ouret lanata (L.) Kuntze	Kapoorjali	Amaranthaceae
30.	Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene	Jalpipali	Verbenaceae
31.	Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir.	Litiya	Phyllanthaceae
32.	Pterospermum diversifolium Blume	Muchkund	Malvaceae
33.	Selaginella bryopteris (L.) Baker	Sanjivani	Selaginellaceae
34.	Senna sophera (L.) Roxb.	Kasaundi	Fabaceae
35.	Shorea robusta C.F.Gaertn.	Sargi, Sal	Dipterocarpaceae
36.	Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A.Juss.	Rohina	Meliaceae
37.	Sphaeranthus indicus L.	Gorakhmundi	Asteraceae
38.	Strychnos potatorum L.f.	Nirmali	Loganiaceae
39.	Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.	Sarphonka	Fabaceae
40.	Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight &Arn.	Kahu	Combretaceae
41.	Terminalia elliptica Willd.	Saja	Combretaceae
42.	Ventilago denticulata Willd.	Keontinaar	Rhamnaceae
43.	Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz	Dhawai	Lythraceae

Food and eating habits

Rice and wheat were staple food along with it they also eats millets like Koda and Kutki. Tuwar dal and kulthi dal are commonly used pulses. In addition these people consume many kinds of leafy vegetables such as, Barchi leafs, Barsi leafs, Basta leafs, Bhairia leafs, Buhar leafs, Chaar leafs, Chanti leafs, Charota leafs, Chunchunia leafs, Gondru leafs, Gummi leafs, Gundru leafs, Jari leafs, Kandai leafs, Karmatta leafs, Keni leafs, Khatta leafs, Khuti leafs, Koliyari leafs, Lal leafs, Safed Musli leafs, Lohdi leafs, Tinpaniya leafs etc. along with it these people frequently use edible roots such as, Jimi kanda, Kadhukanda, Piri kanda and Suwa kanda. They also consume some locally avaible seasonal fruits such as Tendu, Mukaiya, Mahua etc. most of the families among Gonds make liquor from Mahua flowers and rice (Sulfy) (Table 4).

Table 4: Food habits and tradition medicinal practice in the region

Food	Local names and uses
Cereals/pulses	Rice, Wheat, Kodo, Kutki, Kulthi dal, Tuwar dal,
Green vegetable	Barchi leafs, Barsi, Basta, Bhairia, Buhar, Chaar, Chanti, Charota, Chunchunia, Gondru leafs, Gummi leafs, Gundru leafs, Jari leafs, Kandai leafs, Karmatta leafs, Keni leafs, Khatta leafs, Khuti leafs, Koliyari leafs, Lal leafs, Safed Musli leafs, Lohdi leafs, Tinpaniya leafs
Edible roots	Jimi kanda, Kadhukanda, Piri kanda, Suwa kanda
Fruit	Tendu, Mukaiya, Mahua
Liquor	Mahua, Sulfi (made from Rice)
Traditional medicinal practice
Fever, Maleria, Typhoid (with Patjadi), Headeach	Bhui Neem, Suwa Kanda, wear necklace of Chirchita In Malaria, Neem and Nilgiri steam, Giloy
Tooth-Brush	Shisham, Mahua, Neem, Babul, Kasil, Sahja, , Karanj, Akoolan, Karra, Granji
Toothache	Roots of Arjun
Medicine for Snake Venom	Paarjadi, Mahua Bark
Bone fracture	Paste of Harsingar Bark, External Application.
Pain	Funder Paan
Wound	Bhelwa Paste-External Application
Cough cold	Ginger, Garli, Termaric Milk Triphala
Fatigue	Decoction Of Mahua Bark, Mahua liquor
After Delivary	Munga Leafs -Source Of Iron And Calcium After Delivary Jaggery-Garlic Soup For Increasing The Metabolism
Exorcize (Jhad-fuuk)	Chirchitta and Domer Stem

Traditional medicinal knowledge and practice of villager

The villager prefer tradition medicinal practice for health issues such as, fever, malaria, typhoid, cough cold, pain, wound etc. in fever, malaria, and headache they use decoction of Bhui neem, giloy and suwa kanda. they take steam of some volatile antiseptic plants like neem and nilgiri. They also wear necklace madeup of herbs Chirchita. For common cough cold they use ginger, garlic and termaric mixed milk. Instead of toothpaste they use to clean their teeth with tender branches of shisham, mahua, neem, babul, kasil, karanj, akoolan, karra and granji. In addition in for toothache problem they apply paste of arjun roots. The region is surrounded by forest and snakes bites are common problem for the villagers. They can easily identify the venomous snake and use paarjadi and mahua bark paste as first aid. For pain they eat a kind of leaf called funder paan, and for wound they apply bhelwa paste in the affected area. In addition they can treat bone fracture by applying paste of harsingaar bark in the affected area (Table 4).

DISCUSSION:

Tribal populations frequently have low body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA). The current study also showed that the participants under investigation had low BSA and BMI. Furthermore, none of the subjects earned more than one lakh annually. This is a complicated problem that is impacted by many different things, such as inadequate nutrition, food insecurity, unfavourable living circumstances, infectious diseases, and low socioeconomic status ^[10].

The current study recorded the villagers' regular sleep, waking, and food schedules. There was no notable health issues among the residents associated with it. Previous research has shown that adhering to regular sleep and food patterns is essential for achieving optimal physical health, which includes better digestion, managing weight, and stabilising blood sugar and metabolism¹². Consistency and the villager's early resting and rising times may also be advantageous. According to earlier research, this may help with better sleep quality, which may strengthen the immune system, improve cognitive function, lessen stress, and help with weight control. Thus, maintaining regular sleep and eating patterns may help to optimise the balance of hormones, which control a number of body processes and boost energy levels¹¹.

The current study found that people cook a wide variety of locally grown herbs. There was also no fast food trend in the area. According to earlier research, unprocessed, locally sourced foods have historically been the foundation of indigenous groups' eating habits. This traditional diet is high in vital nutrients and low in harmful fats, processed sugars, and sodium. Micronutrients, fibre, protein, minimal fats, and high antioxidant content are all important for maintaining general health and preventing disease. In addition to lowering risk factors for diabetes, heart disease, obesity, and some cancers, this diet also boosts immunity, energy levels, and gastrointestinal health¹³.

According to the current study, the region has 43 uncommon species of medicinal plants, making it rich in medicinal plant biodiversity. Additionally, the locals practise using this plant's medicinal qualities to treat both acute and chronic illnesses. Customary tribal medicine is a treasure trove of information amassed over many generations of close relationships with the natural world. Traditional medicines served as the model for many contemporary medications. For example, willow bark, a traditional treatment for fever and pain, was used to make aspirin. Researchers looking to create new therapeutics and uncover possible drug targets can benefit from having a thorough understanding of traditional medical procedures¹⁴.

For common illnesses, traditional medicine frequently serves as the main source of treatment in isolated communities with limited access to contemporary medical care. Many cultures find that traditional treatments are a feasible option because they are more affordable and easily available than modern medicines. A holistic approach to health is commonly promoted by traditional medicine, which places a strong emphasis on the connections between mental, spiritual, and physical health. Instead than only treating symptoms, many traditional treatments emphasise prevention, which improves overall health outcomes¹⁵. Deep knowledge of plant characteristics and ecosystems is frequently a component of traditional knowledge, which supports the preservation of biodiversity. Sustainable methods are used by many tribal communities to collect medicinal plants, guaranteeing their availability for a long time.

CONCLUSION:

43 medicinal plants were identified in the area suggest the richness of region in medicinal plant biodiversity. Villagers treated ailments like malaria, fever, thyphoid, snake bite, bone fracture, common cold cough, pain, wound, etc. with the majority of the medicinal herbs found in the area. Herbs are also used by them in exorcism. They typically stay away from modern medical procedures. It is necessary to test these traditional treatments' efficacy. The majority of the individuals led healthy lifestyles, avoided fast food, ate largely home-cooked meals, and avoided nightlife. The community has no food zone that we could find. They make extensive use of edible green vegetables, roots, pulses, and cereals that are readily available locally. Among their other favourite delicacies are millets, honey, and mahua liquor. Additionally, the eating pattern is consistent. The majority of the individuals slept and rose early. Both BSA and BMI fell under normal limits. In the village, obesity is uncommon. Some of them, though, were underweight. There are no notable cases of major sickness in the population. It is determined that more research is necessary to decipher the traditional medical knowledge held by the locals. Obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are common issues but not well-documented in the populace. However low socioeconomic status and underweight was documented in the subjects. For additional validation of the results, we propose rest-activity rhythm analysis and a large data sample. Integrating traditional knowledge into modern healthcare systems can lead to better patient outcomes.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The authors extend their gratitude to Prof. M. L. Naik, former President of C.G.V.S., and Shree Vishwash Rao Meshram, the current President of C.G.V.S., for organizing this plant excursion tour. We also appreciate the support of the forest department officers and the Vaidyas (traditional tribal healers) for facilitating our access to the village and forest, as well as for sharing their knowledge and providing guidance during the field visits.

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Received on 19.08.2024 Modified on 22.08.2024

Research J. Science and Tech. 2024; 16(3):203-210.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2024.00030