INTRODUCTION:

Many medications, both herbal and mineral-based, have been recommended for the treatment of a wide range of illnesses and other undesirable human states in the Indian medical system. One of the age-old medical traditions followed in Sri Lanka and India is ayurveda, which dates back to 6000 B.C. Ayurvedic medications follow certain diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines and are mostly based on herbal and herbomineral preparations.¹

Since the beginning of time, herbal medicines have been used extensively in the prevention and treatment of a wide range of human illnesses. They are an invaluable and priceless gift from nature. The majority of people in the countries of Southeast Asia mainly rely on the effectiveness of herbal treatments.²Malunggay, or Moringa oleifera Lam., is a regionally known herb that is used to treat malnutrition, particularly in young children and nursing mothers.³The leaves are used as a treatment for a variety of conditions, including diabetes, typhoid fever, malaria, parasite infections, genito-urinary disorders, hypertension, arthritis, swellings, wounds, and skin illnesses. They are also used as heart stimulants, a contraceptive method, to induce breastfeeding, and to strengthen the immune system.^4-10luteoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene were found when the carotenoid concentrations of eight M. oleifera cultivars from India were investigated. The primary component of leaves and fruits was found to be lutein, which made up 53.6% and 52.0% of all carotenoids, respectively.¹¹Additionally, the total phenolic, flavonoid, and β-sitosterol components found in M. oleifera leaves were reported to be 90mg/g, 8µg/mL, and 27 µg/mL, respectively.¹²

It has also been observed that M. oleifera leaves include minerals, proteins, amino acids, carotenoids, and chlorophylls A and B.¹³

Polyprenol, phytotyl fatty acid esters, and lutein were previously isolated from M. oleifera leaves and published.¹⁴

A review on the cultivation, genetic, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of M. oleifera leaves has been provided.¹⁵and preventive measures against cancer¹⁶

In the toxicity test, the rats and rabbits administered aqueous extract of Moringa leaf did not show any symptoms of adverse effects.¹⁷

Despite this, a wide range of variances in safety and composition among several species were noted.¹⁸This multipurpose tree makes food more affordable and ecologically pleasant for those who are malnourished, which contributes to increased food security.¹⁹

Scientific Classification of Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn²⁰:

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Violes

Family: Moringaceae

Genus: Moringa

Species: pterygosperma

Vernacular Names of Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn²¹:

English: Drumstick tree, horseradish tree, oil of been tree.

Hindi: Mungna, sahjan, saijna, sanjna, Shajna, Soanjana, Soajna, Sohajna.

Marathi: Achajhada, shevgi.

Moringa oleifera, also called the Drumstick tree because of its long, slender, triangular seed pods, is an angiospermic tree that grows quickly and resists drought. It is a member of the Moringaceae family.²²

It is also known as the Ben oil tree, the horseradish tree (because of the flavor of the roots, which is similar to horseradish), the kelor, marango, mlonge, moonga, mulangay, saijhan, sajna, or the benzolive tree (because of the oil that is extracted from the seeds).^23-24

You may eat every component of the moringa tree. Usually found in sub-Himalayan Northern India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan, this plant²⁵

Thirteen species of the genus Moringa are found in the sub-Himalayan regions of North and South Western Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, and Sri Lanka.²⁶

Fig No 2: Moringa oleifera

Description:

A small to medium-sized tree that can grow up to 10 meters tall, with tomentose twigs and thick, velvety, corky bark that is extensively fissured.

Roots: Bitter, acrid, aromatic, and thermogenic

Leaves: typically 45cm long, tripinnate; opposite, deciduous, pinnate and pinnules; leaflets, 1.2–2cm length and 0.6–1cm wide. The terminal obviates the lateral elliptic.

Flowers: White, aromatic, and in big panicles

Fruits: Pendulous, green, triangular, nine-ribbed, and with a length variation of 22 to 50 centimeters are the pods. The wings of trigonous seeds are angled. Depending on the region, flowers and fruits can appear once or twice a year. For example, in central India, where trees lose their leaves in December and January and February and March and February and June, flowers typically bloom.^27-31

Pharmaceutics Properties of Drumstick (M. oleifera):

More than 300 ailments can be cured by Moringa oliefera, which is frequently regarded to as a panacea.³²

M. oleifera leaves have yielded a variety of naturally occurring chemicals, such as completely acetylated glycosides containing carbamates, nitriles, or thiocarbamates.^33-34

Plant glycosides have the potential to treat chronic diseases including atherosclerosis and excessive cholesterol as well as cancer.^35-36

It has been demonstrated that the moringa tree contains a number of compounds with advantageous pharmacological qualities and possible medical uses. They include substances that decrease cholesterol, are hypoglycemic, antiulcer, and have anti-hypertensive, antispasmodic, anticancer, and infectious skin-curing qualities.³⁷

Moringa is used to treat malnourished children, boost immunity, and prevent HIV/AIDS and related diseases. Flavonoids, which have antiviral, anticarcinogenic, and anti-estrogenic properties, are also present in it.^38-40

Health benefits of M. oleifera:

Despite being a functional food that is frequently consumed, M. oleifera has a significant pharmacological impact that can prevent or treat diseases like lung cancer.⁴¹Diabetes⁴², periodontitis⁴³, acute pancreatitis⁴⁴, breast cancer⁴⁵, and other conditions.

Chemical constituents:

Previous research has demonstrated the presence of substances in M. oleifera seeds that are rich in phytochemical components, including glucosinolate and isothiocyanates.^46-47

It has been found that the seeds included the typical phytochemicals, including resins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and tannins, regardless of the solvent used during the extraction process.⁴⁸

Additionally, the seeds serve as good stores of natural compounds such as saponins, which are composed of a "isoprenoidal-derived aglycone" (also known as "sapogenin" or "genin") covalently linked to one or more sugar moieties.⁴⁹

It has been observed that the seeds contain a diverse range of chemical components. 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, 4-hydroxyphenyl-acetamide, Veridiflorol, 4-(-L-rhamnosyloxy) phenyl acetonitrile, 4-(alpha-L-Rhamnosyloxy) benzyl iso-thiocyanate, Roridin E, Niazimicin, O-ethyl benzylglucosinolate, 9-Octadecenoic acid, 4-(a-l-rhamno-pyranosyloxy)-benzylglucosinolateBenzyl carbamate, niazirin, glycerol-1-(9-octadecanoate), 3-O-(60-O oleoyl-b-D-glucopyranosyl), and -4-(a-L-rhamnosyloxy)2-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, 3-O-b-sitosterol, and 3-O-b-sitosterol^50-51

Fig No 3: Moringa oleifera

Pharmacological Activity:

MO has a high sustenance worth and a restorative incentive character. This plant is known as a mineral-rich plant because its few sections encode a wide range of essential minerals and are an incredible source of protein, vitamin, β-carotene, and other nutrients. It also has strong water-sanitizing properties and a high nutritious content. It is believed that moringa seeds are bitter, antipyretic, and unpalatable.⁵²additionally, this plant's antibacterial activity is explained⁵³In addition, the seed acts as a typical coagulant in the water treatment process.⁵⁴ thus the seed may be ground, dried, and pressed to create a cake that contains polypeptides. It is recommended that a daily dosage of 70g of moringa be taken in order to prevent the need for an excessive amount of supplements.⁵⁵

CRP, paw edema volume, arthritis score, and paw thickness were significantly decreased after using diclofenac sodium and the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Moringa.⁵⁶

Antimicrobial Activity:

The ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves exhibited the widest range of effectiveness against the test microorganisms.⁵⁷

The ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera's leaves, seeds, and flowers has antimicrobial activity against a variety of microorganisms, including Salmonella typhi A, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, and Candida albicans.⁵⁸

The aqueous, acetone, and ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves have antibacterial activity. The plant's ethanolic extract had the most activity out of the three solvents that were utilized, while the aqueous extract, at 100 mg/ml, had the least activity. Plant extracts had actions that were similar to those of antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol.⁵⁹

Moringa oleifera seed extracts included strains of fungi (Fusarium solani and Rhizopus solani) as well as multicida (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphlocuccus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis). Compared to the fungal strains, the zones of growth inhibition exhibited higher sensitivity against the bacterial strains.^60-62

Antiulcer activity:

Research has also been done on the antiulcer properties of Moringa oleifera. Research has indicated that an extract derived from the leaves and fruits of Moringa oleifera can effectively treat persistent stomach ulcers caused by exposure to acetic acid.^63-64

Antitumer Activity:

Moringa oleifera contains a variety of bioactive substances that function as anticancer agents. These substances include thiocarbamate, which has been shown to have potent anticancer properties, and niazimicin, which inhibits tumor promoter teleocidin B-4-incited Epstein-Barr virus actuation.⁶⁵

Antidiabetic Activity:

There have been claims that MO can treat Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

Numerous analyses have indicated that moringa possesses antidiabetic properties. In rats, the aqueous extract of MO may reverse insulin-safe Type 2 diabetes and streptozotocin-induced Type 1 diabetes⁶⁶.

In a follow-up study, the researchers fed moringa seed powder to the STZ-induced diabetic rats and saw a decrease in fasting blood glucose.⁶⁷

Antiulcer Activity:

An estimated 1000 of the 250,000 plant species that are known to exist on Earth have anticancer properties. Numerous species have been chosen using a variety of bioassays in order to investigate new plant-based anticancer medications.⁶⁸

Because MO has other trademarks, it can be a good complement to a therapy plan that counteracts a tumor. It has the potential to function as an anti-proliferative drug, inhibiting the proliferation of growth cells. MO seed extract is reported to have anticancer properties and demonstrated efficacy against hepatic carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes. The investigation shows that ROS-induced cell death is triggered by apoptosis. The overexpression of caspase 3 and caspase 9, two components of the apoptotic cascade, further supports this.^69-71

Analgesic Activity:

The analgesic action of MO has been explained. The hotplate and tail immersion technique.⁷²

Research using an alcoholic extract of Moringa seeds and leaves revealed evidence supporting the plant's analgesic properties.

Antiasthametic Activity:

The plant Moringa has alkaloids that have similar effects to ephedrine and can be used to treat asthma. These compounds relax bronchioles. Moringa oleifera seed kernels are an effective treatment for bronchial asthma, and they also improve respiratory function.⁷³

Hypolipidemic and antiobesity activity:

MO's anti-obesity and hypolipidemic properties have also been explained. When methanolic leaf extract was tested on rats who were obese due to a high-fat diet, the results were good, confirming that moringa is beneficial for controlling weight.⁷⁴

Antihelmintic activity:

Studies comparing the methanolic concentrates of Moringa oleifera seeds to helminths have shown that this plant is more beneficial to humans.⁷⁵

Antispasmodic and hepatoprotective activities:

Rats have been shown to benefit hepatoprotectively from methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves, while ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera roots has been shown to have antispasmodic properties.^76-78Moringa oleifera 's roots suggest hepatoprotective properties.⁷⁹

Traditional properties:

The plant is used to make a variety of medications that are thought to have centuries-old ethnomedicinal qualities for treating illnesses. This plant's leaves, pods, bark, gum, flowers, seeds, seed oil, and roots have all been used to treat various ailments.⁸⁰

Applications of M. oleifera have been noted in pathological modifications, including antihypertensive⁸¹anti-diuretic⁸², anti-anxiety⁸³, and anti-diarrhea⁸⁴. Moreover, colitis⁸⁵ and dysentery⁸⁶ are treated by moringa.

An effective treatment for inflammatory diseases such glandular irritation, headaches, and bronchitis is a poultice prepared from moringa leaves.⁸⁷

The pods alleviate joint discomfort and cure hepatitis.⁸⁸ Kidney stones are traditionally treated using the roots.⁸⁹ ulceration⁹⁰, inflammation⁹¹, and liver disorders.⁹²The stem's bark is applied topically to wounds and skin infections.⁹³

The gum that is taken from this plant is used by the Indians to induce abortions and treat fever.⁹⁴

The seeds of the plant act as a laxative and are used in the treatment of tumors, prostate, and bladder problems⁹⁵

Because the seeds modify oxidative stress and reduce inflammation, they show potential in the treatment of arthritis.⁹⁶

Preparations made from the plant's leaves enhance population health overall and help nursing moms and undernourished babies. The leaves have been beneficial for those with sleep disorders.⁹⁷

and tending to injuries.⁹⁸Nowadays, moringa is used a great deal in the cosmetics business; in ancient Egyptian history, it was also employed to make ointments for the skin.⁹⁹

Traditional uses:

· The flowers, leaves, roots, and bark are generally used in cancer treatments, stomach problems, conjunctivitis, hypertension, skin infections, and other conditions. Moringinine, an alkaloid found in the root bark of Moringa plants, is thought to have cardiovascular stimulating properties.¹⁰⁰Anticancer¹⁰¹ protective to the liver and anti-inflammatory^102-103

· The actions of the Moringa plant's various tissues have been taken into consideration.

Moringa leaves can effectively lower thyroid hormone.¹⁰⁴

The women of the Philippines use blended moringa leaves in their seafood and chicken soup to increase the production of breast milk.¹⁰⁵

The bark has emmenagogue, antifungal, abortifacient, and antibacterial properties. Bark produces a coarse fiber and can be used to tan.¹⁰⁶

Domesticated animals enjoy the flavor of young leaves and branches. Crushed leaves are used to scrub kitchenware and clean partitions.

Its blooms are certain to have cholagogue, stimulant, diuretic, and tonic properties that aid in bile flow expansion. The pods are used to treat diabetes and are recognized as anthelmintic and antipyretic.

Aside from that, moringa pods include amino acids like histidine and arginine. The delicate pods are used in the culinary arrangement after being cooked or pickled. Once roasted, the fresh beans provide a delicious meal.¹⁰⁷

Medicinal use:

Different portions of this highly respected tree have been attributed with numerous therapeutic, pharmacological, and prophylactic effects.¹⁰⁸

There are several claims regarding the benefits of M. oleifera for both topical and nutritional use in the prevention and treatment of illness. Practitioners of Ayurvedic traditional medicine claim that M. olei-fera is capable of preventing and curing around 300 ailments.¹⁰⁹

It has antitumor, antipyretic, anti-epileptic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, cholesterol-lowering, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-asthmatic, and hepatoprotective properties. It can also act as a cardiac and circulatory stimulant.^108,110-112

Folk medicine practitioners have utilized it, and still do, to cure, prevent, or reduce a wide range of illnesses and maladies. In many areas of the world, it is also utilized as an alternative medicine in home remedy formulations for the management and treatment of illnesses, inflammation, and allergies.^113-114

Patients with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and hypertension frequently use it as a self-medication in many impoverished nations.^115-119

Side effects:

S. No.	Parts of moringa	Dosage and duration of exposure	Administration route	Moringa side effects manifestation	Parameters affected	Author
1.	Pods of Moringa oleifera (MO)	Dosage: - Duration of exposure: 2 years where the patient was exposed 3 hours/day; 3 days/week	Inhaled	Respiratory tract (shortness of breath and wheezing such as as well as asthma symptoms	· FEV1/FVC= 81%. · FeNO test= 91.21 ppb; · Methacholine test of 1280 g showed a decrease in the value of FEV1/FVC by 22% from the normal value. · Skin prick test, the diameter of the reddish spots on the skin is 10 mm.	120
2	Pods of MO	Dosage: - Exposure time: 20 minutes after eating MO seed cooking	Oral (Food)	Respiratory tract (anaphylactic reaction)	· Blood pressure= 85/51 mmHg. · Tachypnea (+) · Serum tryptase levels were 39.6 g/L; · Skin prick test, the diameter of the reddish spots on the skin is 4 mm.	121
3	Leaves of MO	Dosage: - Exposure time: 1 year after consuming MO leaf aqueous extract	Oral (Water extract)	Dermatitis	· Physical examination: a) red macules with the presence or absence of vesicles; b) Lesions in the form of black spots on the upper and lower arms, and thighs.	122
4	Leaves of MO	Dosage: - Exposure time: 24 hours after eating MO leaf cooking	Oral (Food)	Dermatitis	· Physical examination: Grayish patches, not scaly, oval with clear boundaries, and scattered around the neck, back, legs, chest, and abdomen.	123
5	MO's leaves	Quantity: - Exposure period: 14 hours following consumption of cooked MO leaves	Oral (Dish)	Steven Johnson Syndrome	· Fever (+) in Steven Johnson Syndrome. · Redness of the skin (macular popular rash)	124
6	Leaves of MO	Dosage: - Exposure time: 3 days after consuming MO leaf powder	Oral (Food)	Dermatitis	· Mild shortness of breath. · Swollen tongue. · Morbilliform rash (red spots) on the face, trunk, and upper arms accompanied by papules. · Biopsy data revealed the presence of necrotic keratinocytes.	125
7	Leaves of MO	Dosage: - Exposure time: 3 days after consuming MO leaves	Oral (Food)	Dermatitis	· Skin rash that spreads all over the patient's back. · Blood pressure 110/80. · Heart rate 82 beats/minute.	126
8	Leaves of MO	Dosage: - Exposure time: Immediately after ingestion of MO leaves	Oral (Food)	Rhabdomyolysis	· Severe pain in both thighs. · Nausea. · The creatinine kinase level was increased, but the creatinine kinase value was not attached.	127
9	Leaves of MO	Dosage: - Exposure time: Immediately after ingestion of MO leaves	Oral (Food)	Rhabdomyolysis	· Pain in the hands. · Creatine Kinase (CK) 19.210 U/L.	128
10	Leaves of MO	Dosage: - Exposure time: Immediately after ingestion of MO leaves	Oral (Food)	Rhabdomyolysis	· Pain in the hands. · Creatine Kinase (CK) 22.000 U/L.	128

CONCLUSION:

Drumstick, also known as Moringa oleifera, is a plant whose amazing nutritional and therapeutic characteristics have won it global acclaim. Drumstick leaves, pods, and seeds are rich in vitamins, minerals, and vital amino acids, making them useful nutritional supplements, especially in areas where malnutrition is a problem. Moringa oleifera has bioactive chemicals that help both traditional and contemporary medicine. These compounds include antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and antibacterial substances. With uses in water filtration, agriculture, and cosmetics, the plant's adaptability goes beyond nourishment and health, making it a valuable and sustainable resource. While several studies have emphasized the advantages of Moringa oleifera, more investigation is necessary to completely understand its mechanisms of action, maximize its application in diverse formulations, and determine uniform doses. Due to its diverse phytochemical contents, this plant has been shown to have significant medicinal potential. Different phytochemicals, including as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and phenols, were present in various preparations of Moringa oleifera. By using techniques with the anticipation of complementary free radical scavenging assays, antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera extracts has been discovered. Flavonoids found in the plants show that the sample has antioxidant properties.

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Received on 24.09.2024 Revised on 18.10.2024

Accepted on 08.11.2024 Published on 10.03.2025

Available online from March 21, 2025

Research J. Science and Tech. 2025; 17(1):48-58.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2025.00007

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